OBJECTIVE -Glyburide is the most widely used sulfonylurea but has unique pharmacodynamic properties that may increase harm. We hypothesized that glyburide causes more hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events than other secretagogues or insulin.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Data sources were Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and three other web-based clinical trial registers (1966 -2005). Parallel, randomized, controlled trials in people with type 2 diabetes comparing glyburide monotherapy with monotherapy using secretagogues or insulin were selected. Outcomes were hypoglycemia, glycemic control, cardiovascular events, body weight, and death. Titles and abstracts of 1,806 publications were reviewed in duplicate and 21 relevant articles identified. Data on patient characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and validity were extracted in duplicate using predefined criteria. CONCLUSIONS -Glyburide caused more hypoglycemia than other secretagogues and other sulfonylureas. Glyburide was not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, death, or weight gain.
RESULTS
Diabetes Care 30:389 -394, 2007T he global prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and 2 diabetes was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and projected to be 4.4% by 2030 (1). The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed that improving glycemic control reduced longterm microvascular complications (2). However, intensive therapy increases the risk for severe hypoglycemia, which is associated with mortality and morbidity (3,4).Sulfonylurea drugs bind the sulfonylurea receptor, an ATP-sensitive K ϩ channel, and inhibit potassium efflux, which facilitates insulin secretion (5). Compared with placebo, they reduce A1C levels by 1-2% (6). Differences in chemical structure, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties between sulfonylureas may lead to differences in the rates of hypoglycemic reactions. Glyburide (called glibenclamide in Europe), the most widely used sulfonylurea (7), has a relatively long terminal half-life in chronic dosing compared with other sulfonylureas, owing to its high affinity for the -cell sulfonylurea receptor and the accumulation of active metabolites that are excreted through the kidney (7). Several observational studies have reported increased rates of hypoglycemia with the use of glyburide compared with other sulfonylureas (3,4). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the risk for hypoglycemia associated with the use of glyburide has not, to our knowledge, been previously conducted.The University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) RCT (8) noted excess cardiac deaths in patients treated with tolbutamide; whether this was attributable to higher baseline cardiac risk in the patients allocated to tolbutamide or to a true biological effect has been widely debated. Consistent with the findings of the UGDP study, experimental laboratory data have suggested that sulfonylureas, particularly glyburide, might increase the risk of cardiovascular events. During coronary angioplasty, with each subsequent balloon dilatation, t...