Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein in vertebrates: Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting study with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies

Abstract

We report a comparative immunofluorescence and immunoblotting study of GFA protein, the subunit of glial filaments, in nonmammalian vertebrates. The study was conducted with polyclonal antibodies raised to human and shark antigen and with monoclonal antibodies isolated from mice immunized with chicken and bovine antigen. With the exception of cyclostomes, glial filaments appeared remarkably conserved in vertebrate phylogeny, both with respect to the molecular weight and immunoreactivity of their protein subunit. In most species, the antibodies decorated a single band in brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve extracts by the immunoblotting procedure. This band had the same molecular weight in the different CNS regions. With the exception of the turtle, species differences in the molecular weight of the band were not greater than those observed among mammalian vertebrates (human, bovine, and rat). However, there were some exceptional findings in fish. In goldfish and trout brain and spinal cord extracts, the antibodies decorated with the same intensity two bands. In accordance with previous immunofluorescence findings, goldfish optic nerve extracts were negative by the immunoblotting procedure. In four fishes (sea bass, tautog, trout, and scup), optic nerves reacted with the antibodies. However, the band decorated by the antibodies was higher in molecular weight than that obtained from brain and spinal cord extracts. Glial fibers were demonstrated by immunofluorescence in the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, and retina of most species studied. In amphibia immunofluorescent structures were comparatively few, probably accounting for the negative results by immunoblotting. A comparative immunohistological study of the cerebellum showed the presence of perpendicular glial fibers in the molecular layer of most species examined. Birds and amphibia were different in this respect. Bergmann glia in chicken were GFA negative. In the frog and the toad, immunofluorescent fibers in the molecular layer of the cerebellum were haphazardly oriented. Ependymal radial glia was GFA-negative in the cerebellum of subavian vertebrates. Antisera raised in rabbit to shark GFA protein reacted with the same bovine GFA fragments recognized by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised to human and bovine antigens, respectively, i.e., 30-kDa N-bromosuccinimide fragment (tryptophan cleavage); 35-kDa 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid fragment (cysteine cleavage); 18-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment (methionine cleavage). Conversely, the chicken GFA monoclonal antibodies selected for this study only reacted with noncleaved protein.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐like immunoreactivity in the visual system of the crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Decapoda)

“…Accordingly, GFAP-like immunoreactivity has been shown in enteric glia (Jessen and Mirsky, 1980), Schwann cells of unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibers (Yen and Fields, 1981;Dahl et al, 1982), lens epithelium (Hatfield et al, 1984), and Kupffer cells in the liver (Gard et al, 1985), among others. Filaments of morphological structure similar to the intermediate glial filament have been reported in the glial cells of many mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes (Dahl et al, 1985), and in some invertebrates such as annelids and mollusks (see Radojcic and Pentreath, 1979;Cardone and Roots, 1990;Riehl and Schlue, 1998;Dos Santos et al, 2002).…”

Reticular astrocytes in the fish optic nerve: macroglia with epithelial characteristics form an axially repeated lacework pattern, to which nodes of Ranvier are apposed

“…They are exceptional in lacking the astrocyte cytoskeletal marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; Dahl and Bignami, 1973;Quitschke et al, 1985;Dahl et al, 1986) and they express instead abundant cytokeratin-type intermediate filaments (IFS), as recently determined immunocytochemically (Mark1 and Franke, 1988;Rungger-Brandle et al, 1989) and from the DNA sequence of the goldfish ON3 glial IF gene (Giordano et al, 1989). They also possess numerous desmosomal junctions (Maturana, 1960;Rungger-Brandle et al, 1989;Fig.…”

Identification of astrocyte- and oligodendrocyte-like cells of goldfish optic nerves in culture

“…These results suggest that the antibody binds to processes of fish oligodendrocytes as it does in mammals [9]. Anti-bovine GFAP labeled a few radial glia processes and, occasionally, processes in the fish optic nerve [3]. Anti-G-GFAP [6], however, intensely stained numerous radial glia processes throughout their extent, Miiller glia in the retina and an abundance of glial cell processes which partition the bundles of O1 positive retinal axons in the regenerating optic nerve and tectum.…”

“…Compared to mammals very little is known about glial cells in fish, one reason being that it has been difficult to identify fish astrocytes by immunohistochemistry [3,5]. To test the interaction of regenerating axons with glial cells in vitro requires that glial cells can be raised and identified in culture.…”