Glass, 1. Fundamentals

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Definition and Historical Summary 2. Structure of Glass 2.1. Structure of Special Melts and Glasses 2.2. Composition of Glass 2.2.1. Single‐Component Glass 2.2.2. Silicate Glasses with Two Components 2.2.3. Borate, Phosphate, and Germanate Glasses 2.2.4. Borosilicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses 2.2.5. Lead Silicate Glasses 2.2.6. Chalcogenide Glasses 2.2.7. Halide Glasses 2.2.8. Glasses with Complex Composition 3. Glass Formation, Crystallization, and Liquid Immiscibility 4. Chemical, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Industrially Important Melts and Glasses 4.1. Rheological Properties of Glass Melts 4.1.1. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity 4.1.2. Time Dependence of Viscosity 4.1.3. Composition Dependence of Viscosity 4.2. Surface Tension 4.3. Density 4.4. Thermal Expansion 4.5. Elastic Properties 4.6. Mechanical Strength 4.7. Hardness 4.8. Viscoelastic Properties 4.9. Thermal Properties 4.10. Electrical Properties 4.11. Gas Permeability 4.12. Chemical Stability and Surface Properties 4.13. Optical Properties 4.13.1. Transmission, Absorption, and Reflection 4.13.2. Refractive Index, Dispersion, and Optical State 4.13.3. Temperature Dependence of Refractive Index 4.13.4. Stress Optical Coefficients 4.13.5. Radiation Effects 4.14. Color of Glasses

Ultrashort pulse laser ablation of dielectrics: Thresholds, mechanisms, role of breakdown

“…Those experiments were mostly done for fused silica as an excellent model for in-depth studies due to well-known properties including non-linear behaviour, transient and permanent defects, and wide use in numerous applications18. Figure 1 summarises main findings.…”

Fabrication of nanoscale Ga balls via a Coulomb explosion of microscale silica-covered Ga balls by TEM electron-beam irradiation

“…In a silica-shelled Ga ball irradiated by electron beam, the most possible origin of the big inner pressure is Coulomb repulsion, as analyzed below. The thermal conductivities of Ga 25 and silica 26 are 30.6 W/ m·K and ~1.38 W/m·K, respectively. The temperature rise due to electron beam heating in a TEM is very small for micro/nanoscale particles, and the heat flow is too fast to maintain high temperature in silica-shelled Ga balls 27 .…”

“…Therefore, the pressure increase due to the heating effect of electron beam irradiation can be neglected. Moreover, the electrical resistance of insulating silica (~10 10 Ω·cm) 26 and Ga (2.58 × 10 −5 Ω·cm) 25 has a big ratio of ~3.87 × 10 14 , which is much bigger than heat resistance ratio ~22 of silica and Ga, and suggests that charge accumulation on the surface is much easier than heat accumulation in the body. In addition, a macroscopic thermal explosion usually occurs in the whole body, and a Coulombic explosion occurs on the surface since the charges tend to move to the materials surface.…”

“…where σ is the surface charge density of the irradiated Ga ball, σ b ~ 5 × 10 7 Pa is the tensile stress of silica 26 , α= 0.881 Jm 2 is the surface energy of Ga 29 , and ε 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12 C 2 /Nm 2 . If we assume R 0 = 2 μm and d = 10 nm.…”

Hydrothermal synthesis and investigation of optical properties of Nb5+-doped lithium silicate nanostructures

“…Moreover, the formation of other phases of lithium silicates and raw materials was already detected for higher mol% concentration of the dopant agent in the reaction mixture (Figs. 2, 3) [31,41,42,48]. Tables 5 and 6 show the crystal sizes of the Nb-doped materials in different dopant amounts via Debye-Scherrer equation.…”