Give us this day our daily germs

Rook, G.A.W.; Brunet, Laura Rosa

doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01204-8

Cited by 298 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

182

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Th2 responses are thought to be protective against parasite-mediated disease (60) but are associated with allergic disorders (59,61). It has been suggested that induction of Th2 cells or failure to mount a Th1 or regulatory T-cell response to foreign antigens in childhood may enhance atopic disease (10,49). It is therefore conceivable that changing patterns of microbial exposure through infection and vaccination in childhood may contribute to the observed increase in atopic disease and asthma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Protects against Exacerbation of Allergic Asthma Due toBordetella pertussisin a Murine Model

Ennis

Cassidy

Mahon

2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The prevalence of asthma and allergic disease has increased in many countries, and there has been speculation that immunization promotes allergic sensitization. Bordetella pertussis infection exacerbates allergic asthmatic responses. We investigated whether acellular pertussis vaccine (Pa) enhanced or prevented B. pertussis-induced exacerbation of allergic asthma. Groups of mice were immunized with Pa, infected with B. pertussis, and/or sensitized to ovalbumin. Immunological, pathological, and physiological changes were measured to assess the impact of immunization on immune deviation and airway function. We demonstrate that immunization did not enhance ovalbumin-specific serum immunoglobulin E production. Histopathological examination revealed that immunization reduced the severity of airway pathology associated with sensitization in the context of infection and decreased bronchial hyperreactivity upon methacholine exposure of infected and sensitized mice. These data demonstrate unequivocally the benefit of Pa immunization to health and justify selection of Pa in mass vaccination protocols. In the absence of infection, the Pa used in this study enhanced the interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-13 responses and influenced airway hyperresponsiveness to sensitizing antigen; however, these data do not suggest that Pa contributes to childhood asthma overall. On the contrary, wild-type virulent B. pertussis is still circulating in most countries, and our data suggest that the major influence of Pa is to protect against the powerful exacerbation of asthma-like pathology induced by B. pertussis.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Protects against Exacerbation of Allergic Asthma Due toBordetella pertussisin a Murine Model

Ennis

Cassidy

Mahon

2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is noteworthy that germ-free animals, which are exposed to dietary antigens but not bacterial antigens, possess only a rudimentary immune system. The significance of the microbial flora in relation to host immunity is further highlighted by the fact that the decreased exposure to microbes in Western society has been correlated with an increased incidence of atopic and autoimmune diseases in adults (Rook & Stanford, 1998). The mechanisms by which microbes influence the phenotype and function of lymphoid cells associated with the GALT are largely unknown, but are likely to involve complex events that are probably triggered following the 'normal' route of antigen uptake and processing.…”

Section: Antigen Exposure and Immune Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Th1 and Th2 responses and their balance appear to be critical in mounting the strong cytotoxic responses required for pathogen clearance. The Th1-Th2 balance is, in turn, thought to be influenced by microbial exposure (Rook & Stanford, 1998), and perhaps suggests that there is an optimum flora in early life that can promote a healthy intestine and optimize its immune function.…”

Section: Antigen Exposure and Immune Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early nutrition and the development of immune function in the neonate

Kelly¹,

Coutts²

2000

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

175

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present review will concentrate on the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the role of early nutrition in promoting immune function. The intestine is the largest immune organ in the body, and as such is the location for the majority of lymphocytes and other immune effector cells. The intestine is exposed to vast quantities of dietary and microbial antigens, and is the most common portal of entry for pathogens, some of which are potentially lethal. The development of normal immune function of the intestine is therefore vital for survival, and is dependent on appropriate antigen exposure and processing, and also an intact intestinal barrier. In early life innate mechanisms of defence are probably more important than active or adaptive mechanisms in responding to an infectious challenge, since the healthy neonate is immunologically naïve (has not seen antigen) and has not acquired immunological memory. During this period maternal colostrum and milk can significantly augment resistance to enteric infections. The mechanisms of enhancing disease resistance are thought to be passive, involving a direct supply of anti-microbial factors, and active, by promoting the development of specific immune function. A tolerance response to dietary and non-invasive antigens is generally induced in the gut. However, it must also be able to mount an adequate immune response to ensure clearance of foreign antigens. It is now recognized that regulation of tolerance and active immune responses is critical to health, and failure to regulate these responses can lead to recurrent infections, inflammatory diseases and allergies. The education of the immune system in early life is thought to be critical in minimizing the occurrence of these immune-based disorders. During this phase of development maternal milk provides signals to the immune system that generate appropriate response and memory. One factor that has been proposed to contribute to the increase in the incidence of immune-based disorders, e.g. atopic diseases in Western countries, is thought to be the increased prevalence of formula-feeding.

show abstract

“…Its objective is the inhibition of IgE sensitization (67). In fact, several studies have suggested that the process of sensitization to foods and (255,256) Upholstered furniture and wall-to-wall carpets (86) Early use of vaccination (257) Central heating systems and/or humidi®ers (10) Early use of antibiotics (258,259) New building materials (244, 267) Changes in intestinal¯ora (260) Early exposure to indoor/outdoor air pollution (261) More time spent indoors (89) Intrauterine immunity (261) Increase in furred pets indoors (88) Dietary factors (262) Breast-feeding (263) Socioeconomic factors (264) inhalant allergens might be initiated in the last months of pregnancy (14, 68±70). Theoretically, this should be the best way to reduce the prevalence of allergic diseases in the future.…”

Section: Prevention Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%