Ginsenoside Rd and ischemic stroke; a short review of literatures

Abstract

Panax ginseng is a well-known economic medical plant that is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine. This species contains a unique class of natural products—ginsenosides. Recent clinical and experimental studies have presented numerous lines of evidence on the promising role of ginsenosides on different diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Nowadays, most of the attention has focused on ginsenoside Rd as a neuroprotective agent to attenuate ischemic stroke damages. Some of the evidence showed that ginsenoside Rd ameliorates ischemic stroke-induced damages through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ginsenoside Rd can prolong neural cells' survival through the upregulation of the endogenous antioxidant system, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 pathways, preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential, suppression of the nuclear factor-kappa B, transient receptor potential melastatin, acid sensing ion channels 1a, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, protein tyrosine kinase activation, as well as reduction of cytochrome c-releasing and apoptosis-inducing factor. In the current work, we review the available reports on the promising role of ginsenoside Rd on ischemic stroke. We also discuss its chemistry, source, and the molecular mechanism underlying this effect.

Impact of Natural Compounds on Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Preclinical to Pharmacotherapeutics

“…Acacetin [69], asiatic acid from Cantella asiatica [70], apigenin [44], ginsenosides, naringenin common in Citrus species [71] and rutin [72] reduced ROS generation. Rutin [72], asiatic acid [70] and ginsenosides [73] also attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction, and naringenin was observed to upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes [71]. The enhancement of endogenous antioxidant systems is often mediated via the activation of the nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway which regulates the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes.…”

Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Treatments with Traditional Chinese Medicine

“…Ginseng and its active pharmacological ingredients ginsenosides have been shown to improve age-related memory and cognitive deficits; their therapeutic effects for the treatments of cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases have been reviewed recently [93–95]. Several studies reported that total ginseng, total saponins, and Rg1, Rb1, and Rg2 have neuroprotective effects [96–99].…”

Pharmacological Effects of Capparis spinosa L.

“…In view of the high efficacy and low adverse effects of medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents, these could serve as an important alternative therapy for the treatment of different human diseases including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, etc. (Holst and Williamson, ; Aggarwal and Sung, ; Banel and Hu, ; Kim et al ., ; Nabavi et al ., ; Nabavi et al ., ).…”