Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits free fatty acids-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Abstract

Free fatty acids (FFAs) increase in visceral fat and are inferred to be one of the underlying inducers of adipose tissue inflammation. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Sirtuin 1 to protect against endothelial cell senescence. In the present study, 3T3‑L1 adipocytes were exposed to 0.5 mM FFAs with or without Rb1 (10‑40 µM). Monocyte chemotactic protein‑1 (MCP‑1) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) secretion was measured using ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) expression and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) p65 phosphorylation were detected using western blot analysis. Oxidative stress was determined via measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production. The results demonstrated that MCP‑1 and IL‑6 secretion, as well as TNF‑α expression, were significantly increased following FFA treatment, which was attenuated by Rb1 in a dose‑dependent manner. Furthermore, Rb1 attenuated FFA‑induced NF‑κB phosphorylation, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of Rb1 on inflammatory cytokines was partially mediated through blockade of NF‑κB phosphorylation. Further experiments demonstrated that Rb1 ameliorated FFA‑induced ROS generation and NO reduction through upregulation of superoxide dismutase 2 and eNOS expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate proinflammatory and pro‑oxidant effects of FFA on 3T3‑L1 adipocytes, which are effectively ameliorated by Rb1. Suppression of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress may be a novel mechanism for attenuating the effect of Rb1 on adipocyte dysfunction.

Metabolic Differences between Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipocytes Differentiated with an Excess of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

“…SAT and VAT also differ in terms of profiles of adipokine secretion. It had been previously reported that adipokines are expressed and secreted at a high level by SAT [31,32]. We, like others, showed significantly greater expression and secretion of leptin and adiponectin in SAT-derived adipocytes [33,34].…”

Aquaporin 7 involved in GINSENOSIDE-RB1-mediated anti-obesity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway

“…Obese individuals produce excessive FFAs, which can accelerate the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Wang et al found that Rb1 could reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing the FFA content [44]. Shang et al found that Rb1 could improve heterotopic lipid deposition and downregulate FFA levels in obese mice [45].…”

Systems pharmacology reveals the unique mechanism features of Shenzhu Capsule for treatment of ulcerative colitis in comparison with synthetic drugs

“…However, most of them have been reported to exhibit potent pharmacological effects. For example, ginsenoside Rb1 (OB = 6.24, DL = 0.04) could attenuate TNF- α -induced and free fatty acids-induced inflammatory injury 26 , ginsenoside Rg1 (OB = 11.21, DL = 0.23) could attenuate the inflammatory response in DSS-induced mice colitis 27 , ginsenoside Rc (OB = 8.13, DL = 0.04) could attenuate inflammatory symptoms of gastritis, hepatitis and arthritis 28 . In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1 have been chosen as the quality control markers for Renshen in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 29 .…”