Metabolic Differences between Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipocytes Differentiated with an Excess of Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Abstract

Obesity is a major health problem in highly industrialized countries. High-fat diet (HFD) is one of the most common causes of obesity and obesity-related disorders. There are considerable differences between fat depots and the corresponding risks of metabolic disorders. We investigated the various effects of an excess of fatty acids (palmitic 16:0, stearic 18:0, and oleic acids 18:1n−9) on adipogenesis of subcutaneous- and visceral-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and phenotypes of mature adipocytes. MSCs of white adipose tissue were acquired from adipose tissue biopsies obtained from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots from patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The MSCs were extracted and differentiated in vitro with the addition of fatty acids. Oleic acid stimulated adipogenesis, resulting in higher lipid content and larger adipocytes. Furthermore, oleic acid stimulated adipogenesis by increasing the expression of CCAAT enhancer binding protein β (CEBPB) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARG). All of the examined fatty acids attenuated the insulin-signaling pathway and radically reduced glucose uptake following insulin stimulation. Visceral adipose tissue was shown to be more prone to generate inflammatory stages. The subcutaneous adipose tissue secreted a greater quantity of adipokines. To summarize, oleic acid showed the strongest effect on adipogenesis. Furthermore, all of the examined fatty acids attenuated insulin signaling and secretion of cytokines and adipokines.

Breastfeeding history and the risk of overweight and obesity in middle-aged women

“…Visceral adipose tissue is more susceptible to reduction compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue because adipocytes of the epiploic and mesenteric adipose tissue, the main components of visceral fat, show greater metabolic activity and lipolytic sensitivity [ 41 – 43 ]. Subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes show differences in the expression of certain genes [ 44 ]; visceral adipocytes are characterised by higher lipolytic activity (significantly higher expression of the lipoprotein lipase gene) than subcutaneous adipocytes [ 45 ]. This may be important for fat mobilisation during lactation.…”

PPARG Hypermethylation as the First Epigenetic Modification in Newly Onset Insulin Resistance in Human Adipocytes

“…We have recently shown that SAT and VAT fat depot differ significantly, especially according to the risk of metabolic disorder developments. Probably due to higher inflammatory markers in VAT, this type of tissue has been associated with a higher risk of metabolic disorder pathogenesis [19]. The 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed expression similar to SAT adipocytes; the reduction was seen only at the second time point, which means that this type of cell is more similar to the SAT depot and does not correspond to the VAT depot.…”

“…Primers were designed manually and the efficiency of primers was checked by a standard curve. The sequence of primers was published previously [11,19]. Normalization was executed on the housekeeping gene (β-actin) and calculated according to the ∆∆Ct algorithm.…”

The Preliminary Evaluation of Epigenetic Modifications Regulating the Expression of IL10 in Insulin-Resistant Adipocytes

“…The process of preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes has previously been optimized and published [ 19 , 20 ]. The progress of the adipogenesis process was controlled by lipids accumulation measurement and morphological changes.…”