Germanium and Germanium Compounds

Scoyer, Jean; Guislain, H.; Wolf, Hans

doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_351

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In this case, existing database entries were adapted by including Ge in the process flowsheets (see the Environmental Implications portion of the supporting information on the Web) and updating the economic allocation, which led to a shift in environmental impacts for all metals. Ge is produced by processing Zn leaching residues, which can also contain Ga and In (Scoyer et al ). Following the methodology used for In in the ecoinvent metals report (Classen et al ), the concentration of Ge in mixed Zn concentrates was back‐calculated from the ratios of global production between 2000 and 2010 (USGS ), yielding an average value of 8.6 grams of Ge per ton of refined Zn (USGS ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family

Harper¹,

Kavlak²,

Burmeister³

et al. 2015

J of Industrial Ecology

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Summary Concerns about the future availability and continuity of metal supplies have triggered research efforts to define and assess metal criticality. In this study, we apply a comprehensive methodology to the elements of the geological zinc, tin, and lead family: zinc (Zn); germanium (Ge); cadmium (Cd); indium (In); tin (Sn); and lead (Pb). Zn, Sn, and Pb have played important roles in various technological sectors for centuries, whereas Ge, Cd, and In are by‐product metals that are increasingly utilized in emerging and strategic technologies. Criticality assessments are made on national (i.e., the United States) and global levels for 2008. The results are presented with uncertainty estimates in three‐dimensional “criticality space,” comprised of supply risk (SR), environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR) axes. SR is the highest for In for both the medium (i.e., five to ten years) and long term (i.e., a few decades). Pb and Zn have the lowest SR for the medium term and Pb the lowest SR for the long term. In and Ge production have the highest environmental burdens, mainly as a result of emissions from Zn smelting and subsequent metals purification and recovery from Zn leaching residues. VSR is highest for Pb at the global and national levels.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family

Harper¹,

Kavlak²,

Burmeister³

et al. 2015

J of Industrial Ecology

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“…Moreover, certain studies used the same chemical agent to carry out the Ge hydrolysis from certain compounds (such as magnesium germanide or magnesium silicide) to recycle Ge. This opens the door to recycle the etched Ge (although further study is required to properly evaluate this possibility), which would aid ensuring the supply of this strategic material in the long term 57–59 . Alternative processes to recycle Ge from the manufacturing process of multijunction solar cells on Ge substrates are ultrapurification, reverse osmosis, and evaporation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical and experimental assessment of thinned germanium substrates for III–V multijunction solar cells

Lombardero

Ochoa

Miyashita

et al. 2020

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Solar cells manufactured on top of Ge substrates suffer from inherent drawbacks that hinder or limit their potential. The most deleterious ones are heavy weight, high bulk recombination, lack of photon confinement, and an increase of the heat absorption. The use of thinned Ge substrates is herein proposed as a possible solution to the aforementioned challenges. The potential of a thinned Ge subcell inside a standard GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cell is assessed by simulations, pointing to an optimum thickness around 5-10 μm. This would reduce the weight by more than 90%, whereas the available current for the Ge subcell would decrease only by 5%. In addition, the heat absorption for wavelengths beyond 1600 nm would decrease by more than 85%. The performance of such a device is highly influenced by the front and back surface recombination of the p-n junction. Simulations remark that good back surface passivation is mandatory to avoid losing power generation by thinning the substrate. In contrast, it has been found that front surface recombination lowers the power generation in a similar manner for thin and thick solar cells. Therefore, the benefits of thinning the substrate are not limited by the front surface recombination. Finally, Ge single-junction solar cells thinned down to 85 μm by wet etching processes are demonstrated. The feasibility of the thinning process is supported by the limited losses measured in the current generation (less than 6%) and generated voltage (4%) for the thinnest solar cell manufactured.

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“…Германій та його сполуки широко застосовуються у волоконній та тепловізорній оптиці, виробництві каталізаторів та електроніці. Біологічна активність сполук Германію сприяє їх застосуванню у створенні нових лікарських засобів [1]. Своєю чергою це спонукає й до розвитку аналітичної хімії Германію.…”

Section: вступunclassified

ЕЛЕКТРОТЕРМІЧНЕ АТОМНО-АБСОРБЦІЙНЕ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ Ge(IV) ПІСЛЯ ЙОГО МІЦЕЛЯРНО-ЕКСТРАКЦІЙНОГО КОНЦЕНТРУВАННЯ

Жуковецька,

Гузенко,

Щербакова

et al. 2024

J. of Chem. and Tech.

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Вивчено та оптимізовано умови міцелярно-екстракційного концентрування Ge(IV) у вигляді комплексу з бромідом 6,7-дигідрокси-2,4-дифенілбензопірилію у міцелярну фазу неіоногенного ПАР тритону Х-100. Показано, що введення в систему бензоату амонію при рН 1.0 та концентрації тритону Х-100 0.5 об.% призводить до ініціювання утворення міцелярної фази за кімнатної температури. Розроблено методику електротермічного атомно-абсорбційного визначення Ge(IV) після його міцелярно-екстракційного концентрування. Градуювальний графік лінійний в інтервалі концентрацій 0.05-5.5 мг/дм3, а межі виявлення та визначення відповідно дорівнюють 0.015 та 0.5 мг/дм3. Запропонована методика апробована при аналізі стандартних зразків геологічних матеріалів, а відносне стандартне відхилення не перевищує 4.9%.

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Germanium and Germanium Compounds

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties … Show more

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family

Criticality of the Geological Zinc, Tin, and Lead Family

Theoretical and experimental assessment of thinned germanium substrates for III–V multijunction solar cells

ЕЛЕКТРОТЕРМІЧНЕ АТОМНО-АБСОРБЦІЙНЕ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ Ge(IV) ПІСЛЯ ЙОГО МІЦЕЛЯРНО-ЕКСТРАКЦІЙНОГО КОНЦЕНТРУВАННЯ

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