A GaInP/Ga(In)As/GaNAsSb/Ge 4J solar cell grown using the combined MOVPE + MBE method is presented. This structure is used as a test bench to assess the effects caused by the integration of subcells and tunnel junctions into the full 4J structure. A significant degradation of the Ge bottom subcell emitter is observed during the growth of the GaNAsSb subcell, with a drop in the carrier collection efficiency at the high energy photon range that causes a~15% lower J sc and a V oc drop of~50 mV at 1-sun. The V oc of the GaNAsSb subcell is shown to drop by as much as~140 mV at 1-sun. No degradation in performance is observed in the tunnel junctions, and no further degradation is neither observed for the Ge subcell during the growth of the GaInP/Ga(In)As subcells. The hindered efficiency potential in this lattice-matched 4J architecture due to the degradation of the Ge and GaNAsSb subcells is discussed. At this stage of development, it is pertinent to have a closer look at the integration of components forming the 4J structure. For example, the insertion of the dilute nitride subcell in the 3J structure brings about added thermal loads to the Ge bottom subcell, an effect accentuated by the fact that dilute nitrides usually require an annealing step to improve their electronic properties. The dilute-nitride subcell itself suffers annealing during the growth of the upper subcells, which could be expected to have an impact on its performance. The focus has to be put in identifying and quantifying these effects, and redesigning the growth process to minimize their impact.In this work, we present a detailed characterization of our 4J solar cell, based on a prototype structure achieved by a combination of MOVPE + MBE growth methods, and using a GaNAsSb junction.This solar cell succeeds in integrating 4 component junctions into a monolithic, lattice matched structure, but it is still far from being a high efficiency device, mainly due to sub-optimum characteristics of the dilute nitride subcell. However, the device provides valuable insight into the integration of the dilute nitride subcell into a 4J solar cell. We focus mainly on the effect of thermal load on the performance of the Ge and GaNAsSb bottom subcells, and the tunnel junctions. It is found that significant losses are at stake, mainly in the Ge and GaNAsSb subcells, which can limit the potential of this 4J solar cell structure to compete in efficiency with other architectures.

Solar cells manufactured on top of Ge substrates suffer from inherent drawbacks that hinder or limit their potential. The most deleterious ones are heavy weight, high bulk recombination, lack of photon confinement, and an increase of the heat absorption. The use of thinned Ge substrates is herein proposed as a possible solution to the aforementioned challenges. The potential of a thinned Ge subcell inside a standard GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cell is assessed by simulations, pointing to an optimum thickness around 5-10 μm. This would reduce the weight by more than 90%, whereas the available current for the Ge subcell would decrease only by 5%. In addition, the heat absorption for wavelengths beyond 1600 nm would decrease by more than 85%. The performance of such a device is highly influenced by the front and back surface recombination of the p-n junction. Simulations remark that good back surface passivation is mandatory to avoid losing power generation by thinning the substrate. In contrast, it has been found that front surface recombination lowers the power generation in a similar manner for thin and thick solar cells. Therefore, the benefits of thinning the substrate are not limited by the front surface recombination. Finally, Ge single-junction solar cells thinned down to 85 μm by wet etching processes are demonstrated. The feasibility of the thinning process is supported by the limited losses measured in the current generation (less than 6%) and generated voltage (4%) for the thinnest solar cell manufactured.

Virtual substrates based on thin Ge layers on Si by direct deposition have achieved high quality recently. Their application to high efficiency III-V solar cells is analyzed in this work. Replacing traditional Ge substrates with Ge/Si virtual substrates in standard lattice-matched and upright metamorphic GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge solar cells is feasible according to our calculations using realistic parameters of state-of-the-art Ge solar cells but with thin bases (< 5µm). The first experimental steps are tackled by implementing Ge single-junction and full GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cells on medium quality Ge/Si virtual substrates with 5µm thick Ge layers. The resultsshow that the photocurrent in the Ge bottom cell is barely enough to achieve current matching with the upper subcells, but the overall performance is poor due to low voltages in the junctions. Moreover, observed cracks in the triple-junction structure point to the need to reduce the thickness of the Ge + III-V structure or using other advanced approaches to mitigate the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch effects, such as using embedded porous silicon. Next experimental work will pursue this objective and use more advanced Ge/Si virtual substrates available with lower threading dislocation densities and different Ge thicknesses.Index Terms -III-V multijunction solar cell, germanium buffer, low cost substrate, virtual substrate. This is an accepted proceedings paper presented at IEEE PVSC 2019, in press.

Abstract. Technology Computer Aided Design modeling is used to examine the performance under light concentration of a 4-J solar cell Ge-based that includes a 1-eV MBE-grown dilute nitride subcell. The 1-eV solar cell is modeled and examined by using material parameters extracted from detailed electro-optical characterization prior to be included into a multijunction structure. The modelling reveals the impact of the electric field-assisted collection in the performance of single junction solar cells and its effect when included in a 4-Junction solar cells. This effect is responsible for the lower FF (~15% lower) in the 4J when including the dilute nitride subcell, especially if it limits the photocurrent. Finally, an optimization procedure based on dilute nitrides with higher material quality is performed resulting in a 4-Junction solar cell with an efficiency of 47% for concentrations between 1000-2000 suns direct terrestrial spectrum.

This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of the lattice matched GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cell developed at the Solar Energy Institute of UPM (IES-UPM). Different research topics tackled over the last years about this structure are described. As result of this work, an efficiency of-40% at ~-415>i is presented.

Series resistance is the key limiting factor that constrains the electrical performance of solar cells under ultra‐high concentration. Typically, the most critical component of the series resistance is that stemming from the front contact, and therefore, the formation of front metal grids with low metal–semiconductor specific contact resistance and low metal sheet resistance is vital for high concentrator solar cells. Consequently, in this study, a novel Pd/Ge/Ti/Pd/Al metal stack has been proposed and implemented on a GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cell. This system exhibits low metal resistivity due to the middle Ti/Pd barrier layer hindering the diffusion and contamination between the GaAs semiconductor and top conductive metal layer, and very low specific contact resistance because of the Pd/Ge layer forming an interfacial layer with the GaAs cap which increases the electron tunneling probability. As a result, the fill factor of the solar cell remains almost constant and close to 90% in the 250× to 1500× range, while efficiency keeps on increasing even at the maximum concentration measured of 1500×. Its performance and cost‐effectiveness make this contact a compelling solution to extend solar cell operation in the ultra‐high concentration regime.

Recent advances on the development of a 4 J latticematched dilute nitride solar cell for terrestrial and space applications are described. Modeling of the solar cell is carried out using a drift-diffusion model and material parameters extracted from ad hoc electro-optical characterization resulting in an efficiency prediction of 47% for concentrations of 1000 suns AMl.Sd G173 spectrum and 33% for lx AMO. First experimental solar cell results of a dual-junction GaNAsSb/Ge solar cell and a triple-junction GaInP/Ga(In)As/GaNAsSb components of the full 4-Junction are shown.

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