Geomagnetic storms: historical perspective to modern view

Lakhina, G. S.; Tsurutani, B. T.

doi:10.1186/s40562-016-0037-4

Cited by 115 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…A typical spherically or cylindrically shaped satellite moving through the ionosphere at altitudes of ∼ 850 km would experience 40 times more drag per unit mass than normal. If larger IEFs associated with either superflares (see Maehara et al, 2012;Tsurutani and Lakhina, 2014) or during extreme magnetic storms stronger than the Carrington storm (Vasyliunas, 2011;Lakhina and Tsurutani, 2016) are imposed on the magnetosphere, then larger-scale PPEFs will be imposed on the dayside ionosphere with even greater O-atom uplift. We do not know when such cases can occur at the Earth, but we cannot exclude the possibility at this time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite drag effects due to uplifted oxygen neutrals during super magnetic storms

Lakhina

Tsurutani

2017

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. During intense magnetic storms, prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs) through E × B forces near the magnetic equator uplift the dayside ionosphere. This effect has been called the "dayside super-fountain effect". Ionneutral drag forces between the upward moving O + (oxygen ions) and oxygen neutrals will elevate the oxygen atoms to higher altitudes. This paper gives a linear calculation indicating how serious the effect may be during an 1859-type (Carrington) superstorm. It is concluded that the oxygen neutral densities produced at low-Earth-orbiting (LEO) satellite altitudes may be sufficiently high to present severe satellite drag. It is estimated that with a prompt penetrating electric field of ∼ 20 mV m −1 turned on for 20 min, the O atoms and O + ions are uplifted to 850 km where they produce about 40-times-greater satellite drag per unit mass than normal. Stronger electric fields will presumably lead to greater uplifted mass.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite drag effects due to uplifted oxygen neutrals during super magnetic storms

Lakhina

Tsurutani

2017

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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“…The peak Dst index was −589 nT, and the maximum dB/dt amplitude was 130 nT/h. The SYM-H value (the symmetric disturbance index for the H-component, 1 min time cadence) for this storm was −710 nT (Lakhina and Tsurutani 2016). The occurrence rate of a storm comparable to the March 1989 storm has been estimated to be once every 60 years (Tsubouchi and Omura 2007;Riley 2012;Kataoka 2013), although it has been argued that such storms cannot be predicted with reasonable accuracy (Willis et al 1997;Tsurutani et al 2003;Love 2012;Yermolaev et al 2013;Love et al 2015;Lakhina and Tsurutani 2016).…”

Section: Rc-type Slow Gicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Extreme geomagnetically induced currents

Kataoka

Ngwira

2016

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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We propose an emergency alert framework for geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), based on the empirically extreme values and theoretical upper limits of the solar wind parameters and of dB/dt, the time derivative of magnetic field variations at ground. We expect this framework to be useful for preparing against extreme events. Our analysis is based on a review of various papers, including those presented during Extreme Space Weather Workshops held in Japan in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. Large-amplitude dB/dt values are the major cause of hazards associated with three different types of GICs: (1) slow dB/dt with ring current evolution (RC-type), (2) fast dB/dt associated with auroral electrojet activity (AE-type), and (3) transient dB/dt of sudden commencements (SC-type). We set "caution," "warning," and "emergency" alert levels during the main phase of superstorms with the peak Dst index of less than −300 nT (once per 10 years), −600 nT (once per 60 years), or −900 nT (once per 100 years), respectively. The extreme dB/dt values of the AE-type GICs are 2000, 4000, and 6000 nT/min at caution, warning, and emergency levels, respectively. For the SCtype GICs, a "transient alert" is also proposed for dB/dt values of 40 nT/s at low latitudes and 110 nT/s at high latitudes, especially when the solar energetic particle flux is unusually high.

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“…Durante esta fase, oíndice SYM-H cai de valores nulos a um valor mínimo de −490 nT. De acordo com critérios comumente adotados [22], esta tempestadeé caracterizada como uma tempestade intensa ou até mesmo como uma supertempestade geomagnética [73]. Fig.…”

Section: Efeitos Da Tempestade Geomagnéticaunclassified

Reação da termosfera a tempestades geomagnéticas

Oliveira

Silveira

2017

Rev. Bras. Ensino Fís.

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A termosferaé uma das camadas mais externas da atmosfera terrestre, localizada entre 90-1000 km de altitude, logo abaixo da exosfera. Composta porátomos e moléculas neutras, ou partículas neutras, a termosferaé extremamente sensívelà variações de energia nela depositada. Durante a ocorrência de tempestades geomagéticas, moderadas ou intensas, uma grande quantidade de energia e momentum são depositadas em regiões de alta latitude da termosfera. O plasma, proveniente do vento solar,é energizado na magnetosfera e ao atingir a termosfera provoca o aquecimento das partículas neutras e a elevação da camada. As perturbações causadas pelas tempestades geomagnéticas na termosfera afetam asórbitas de satélites e outros objetos que transitam nessa região. Assim, o estudo de tais efeitosé extremamente importante do ponto de vista científico e tecnológico. Neste artigo, apresentaremos uma revisão das principais características da termosfera durante intervalos de calmaria (sem tempestades) e intervalos de tempestade. Logo após, discutiremos os efeitos provocados na termosfera pela tempestade geomagnética ocorrida em 20 de novembro de 2003. Para exemplificar os efeitos causados na termosfera, apresentaremos dados de densidade de partículas neutras observados pelo acelerômetro a bordo de um satélite de baixá orbita (LEO, do inglês low-Earth orbit) coletados durante aquela tempestade geomagnética. Palavras-chave: Tempestades geomagnéticas, interações MIT, elevação de partículas neutras na termosfera.The thermosphere is one of the highest layers of the Earth's atmosphere, localized in altitude regions between 90-1000 km, right below the exosphere. Composed of neutral atoms and molecules, or neutral particles, the thermosphere is extremely sensitive to variations of energy input. During the occurrence of moderate or intense geomagnetic storms, large quantities of plasma energy and momentum are deposited in high latitude regions of the thermosphere. Solar wind plasma, previously energized by the magnetosphere, reaches the thermosphere causing the heating and upwelling of neutral particles. The thermosphere disturbances caused by geomagnetic storms affect the orbit of satellites and other objects that fly in that region. Therefore, the study of such effects are extremely important in the scientific and technological view. In this paper, we present a review of the main characteristics of the thermosphere during quiet times (no storms) and during storm times. Then, we discuss the effects caused by the 20 November 2003 geomagnetic storm on the thermosphere. As an example, we present data of neutral density observed by the accelerometer onboard a LEO (low-Earth orbit) satellite during that geomagnetic storm.

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Geomagnetic storms: historical perspective to modern view

Cited by 115 publications

References 97 publications

Satellite drag effects due to uplifted oxygen neutrals during super magnetic storms

Satellite drag effects due to uplifted oxygen neutrals during super magnetic storms

Extreme geomagnetically induced currents

Reação da termosfera a tempestades geomagnéticas

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