Geographic Routing Protocols For Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Souiki, Sihem; Feham, Maghnia; Feham, Mohammed; Labraoui, Nabila

doi:10.5121/ijwmn.2014.6106

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Because of this approach, power can be saved by activating the nodes only inside the 3-D ZOR. HH-VBF [40] was developed in 2008. This protocol is used to reduce the data load while routing through VBF.…”

Section: Routing Protocols Including Localization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

Yum

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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In the last few decades, underwater communication systems have been widely used for the development of navy, military, business, and safety applications, etc. However, in underwater communication systems, there are several challenging issues, such as limitations in bandwidth, propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. Underwater communication systems work under severe channel conditions such as ambient noise, frequency selectivity, multi-path and Doppler shifts. In order to collect and transmit the data in effective ways, multi-media/multi-band-based adaptation layer technology is proposed in this paper. The underwater communication scenario comprises of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), Surface gateways, sensor nodes, etc. The transmission of data starts from sensor nodes to surface gateway in a hierarchical manner through multiple channels. In order to provide strong and reliable communication underwater, the adaptation layer uses a multi-band/multi-media approach for transferring data. Hence, in this paper, existing techniques for splitting the band such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are used for splitting the frequency band, and the medium selection mechanism is proposed to carry the signal through different media such as Acoustic, Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Infrared (IR) signals in underwater. For the channel selection mechanism, two phases are involved: 1. Finding the distance of near and far nodes using Manhattan method, and 2. Medium selection and data transferring algorithm for choosing different media.Due to the constrained conditions underwater, communication systems face problems such as multi-path, frequency fading, doppler shifts, etc. Multi-band techniques can be used as an effective technique with respect to efficiency and throughput, and to increase the performance level. Multi-band can overcome the frequency fading problem by allotting the same information to several frequency-bands. Need of Multi-Media Communication Techniques UnderwaterIn order to get reliable communication underwater, multi-media techniques can be used. The network architecture of underwater communication includes an underwater area network, a surface area network, and a terrestrial area network. The underwater area network supports acoustic, optical, and MFAN communication; the terrestrial and surface area network consists of RF communication and the internal communication portal is TCP/UDP. In order to avoid interference and data loss, and to decrease the error rate and increase reliability, a four-in-one adaptable modem should be designed. So, different channels can be adapted in underwater communication systems. Thus, the communication system can be more effective and reliable. Also, multi-media communication systems can avoid collisions. Benefits of Multi-Media/Multi-Band Communication Techniques Underwater Acoustic Comm...

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Section: Routing Protocols Including Localization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

Yum

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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“…Many survey papers published in UWSNs by [6,8,[10][11][12][13] presented a general review and categorizations for routing protocols. Another paper has been presented by [14] that provides an in-depth discussion of geographical routing protocols. Unlike these papers, we highlight the lack of a specific review of pressure based routing protocols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reliable energy-efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

et al. 2017

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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are similar to the terrestrial sensor networks. Nevertheless, there are different characteristics among them such as low battery power, limited bandwidth and high variable propagation delay. One of the common major problems in UWSNs is determining an efficient and reliable routing between the source node and the destination node. Therefore, researchers tend to design efficient protocols with consideration of the different characteristics of underwater communication. Furthermore, many routing protocols have been proposed and these protocols may be classified as location-based and location-free routing protocols. Pressure-based routing protocols are a subcategory of the location-free routing protocols. This paper focuses on reviewing the pressure-based routing protocols that may further be classified into non-void avoidance protocols and void avoidance protocols. Moreover, non-void avoidance protocols have been classified into single factor based and multi factor based routing protocols. Finally, this paper provides a comparison between these protocols based on their features, performance and simulation parameters and the paper concludes with some future works on which further study can be conducted.

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“…Each node also is equipped with a pressure gauge to measure its depth when deployed in the water [4][5][6]. Underwater routing protocols are aimed to improve the packet delivery with minimum cost in UWSNs in which greedy routing protocols are the most prominent approaches [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Ghoreyshi

Shahrabi

Boutaleb

2018

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Routing packets in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face different challenges, the most notable of which is perhaps how to deal with void communication areas. While this issue is not addressed in some underwater routing protocols, there exist some partially state-full protocols which can guarantee the delivery of packets using excessive communication overhead. However, there is no fully stateless underwater routing protocol, to the best of our knowledge, which can detect and bypass trapped nodes. A trapped node is a node which only leads packets to arrive finally at a void node. In this paper, we propose a Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol (SORP), in which the void and trapped nodes are locally detected in the different area of network topology to be excluded during the routing phase using a passive participation approach. SORP also uses a novel scheme to employ an adaptive forwarding area which can be resized and replaced according to the local density and placement of the candidate forwarding nodes to enhance the energy efficiency and reliability. We also make a theoretical analysis on the routing performance in case of considering the shadow zone and variable propagation delays. The results of our extensive simulation study indicate that SORP outperforms other protocols regarding the routing performance metrics.

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Geographic Routing Protocols For Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

A reliable energy-efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network

A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

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