Owing to the hasty growth of communication technologies in the Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT), many researchers and industries focus on enhancing the existing technologies of UIoT systems for developing numerous applications such as oceanography, diver networks monitoring, deep-sea exploration and early warning systems. In a constrained UIoT environment, communication media such as acoustic, infrared (IR), visible light, radiofrequency (RF) and magnet induction (MI) are generally used to transmit information via digitally linked underwater devices. However, each medium has its technical limitations: for example, the acoustic medium has challenges such as narrow-channel bandwidth, low data rate, high cost, etc., and optical medium has challenges such as high absorption, scattering, long-distance data transmission, etc. Moreover, the malicious node can steal the underwater data by employing blackhole attacks, routing attacks, Sybil attacks, etc. Furthermore, due to heavyweight, the existing privacy and security mechanism of the terrestrial internet of things (IoT) cannot be applied directly to UIoT environment. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic review of recent trends, applications, communication technologies, challenges, security threats and privacy issues of UIoT system. Additionally, this paper highlights the methods of preventing the technical challenges and security attacks of the UIoT environment. Finally, this systematic review contributes much to the profit of researchers to analyze and improve the performance of services in UIoT applications.
In the last few decades, underwater communication systems have been widely used for the development of navy, military, business, and safety applications, etc. However, in underwater communication systems, there are several challenging issues, such as limitations in bandwidth, propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. Underwater communication systems work under severe channel conditions such as ambient noise, frequency selectivity, multi-path and Doppler shifts. In order to collect and transmit the data in effective ways, multi-media/multi-band-based adaptation layer technology is proposed in this paper. The underwater communication scenario comprises of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), Surface gateways, sensor nodes, etc. The transmission of data starts from sensor nodes to surface gateway in a hierarchical manner through multiple channels. In order to provide strong and reliable communication underwater, the adaptation layer uses a multi-band/multi-media approach for transferring data. Hence, in this paper, existing techniques for splitting the band such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are used for splitting the frequency band, and the medium selection mechanism is proposed to carry the signal through different media such as Acoustic, Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Infrared (IR) signals in underwater. For the channel selection mechanism, two phases are involved: 1. Finding the distance of near and far nodes using Manhattan method, and 2. Medium selection and data transferring algorithm for choosing different media.Due to the constrained conditions underwater, communication systems face problems such as multi-path, frequency fading, doppler shifts, etc. Multi-band techniques can be used as an effective technique with respect to efficiency and throughput, and to increase the performance level. Multi-band can overcome the frequency fading problem by allotting the same information to several frequency-bands. Need of Multi-Media Communication Techniques UnderwaterIn order to get reliable communication underwater, multi-media techniques can be used. The network architecture of underwater communication includes an underwater area network, a surface area network, and a terrestrial area network. The underwater area network supports acoustic, optical, and MFAN communication; the terrestrial and surface area network consists of RF communication and the internal communication portal is TCP/UDP. In order to avoid interference and data loss, and to decrease the error rate and increase reliability, a four-in-one adaptable modem should be designed. So, different channels can be adapted in underwater communication systems. Thus, the communication system can be more effective and reliable. Also, multi-media communication systems can avoid collisions. Benefits of Multi-Media/Multi-Band Communication Techniques Underwater Acoustic Comm...
As oceans cover the majority of the earth’s surface, it becomes inevitable in extending the concepts of Internet of Things (IoT) to ocean bodies, thereby tiling the way for a new drift in the digital world, the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). The primary objective of IoUT is the creation of a network of several smart interconnected undersea things, to digitally link water bodies by using devices such as autonomous underwater vehicles. Since the traditional ideas of IoT cannot be merely expanded to underwater, due to the difference in environmental characteristics, this puts forward a variety of challenges for scientists to work with IoUT, and one such challenge is the network management with IoUT. This paper gives an overview on (1) underwater network management systems (U-NMS) using acoustic communication in IoUT; (2) the challenges and benefits and use cases of U-NMS; (3) fault, configuration, accounting, performance, security and constrained management (FCAPSC) functionalities of U-NMS and (4) a comparison between network management system in IoT and U-NMS system in IoUT. Additionally, this paper shows the prototype design and implementation setup of U-NMS in a laboratory environment, using lightweight machine to machine (LWM2M) and acoustic communication technology for IoUT. This paper will contribute much to the profit of researchers and industry players in uncovering the critical areas of the Internet of Underwater Things.
Latest advancements made in the processing abilities of smart devices have resulted in the designing of Intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) environment. This advanced environment enables the nodes to connect, collect, perceive, and examine useful data from its surroundings. Wireless Multimedia Surveillance Networks (WMSNs) form a vital part in IoT-assisted environment since it contains visual sensors that examine the surroundings from a number of overlapping views by capturing the images incessantly. Since IoT devices generate a massive quantity of digital media, it is therefore required to save the media, especially images, in a secure way. In order to achieve security, encryption techniques as well as compression techniques are employed to reduce the amount of digital data, being communicated over the network. Encryption Then Compression (ETC) techniques pave a way for secure and compact transmission of the available data to prevent unauthorized access. With this background, the current research paper presents a new ETC technique to accomplish image security in IoT environment. The proposed model involves three major processes namely, IoT-based image acquisition, encryption, and compression. The presented model involves optimal Signcryption Technique with Whale Optimization Algorithm (NMWOA) abbreviated as ST-NMWOA. The optimal key generation of signcryption technique takes place with the help of NMWOA. Besides, the presented model also uses Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Matrix Minimization (MM) algorithm-based compression technique. Extensive set of experimental analysis was conducted to validate the effective performance of the proposed model. The obtained values infer that the presented model is superior in terms of both compression efficiency and data secrecy in resource-limited IoT environment.
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