Genomic approaches to characterizing and reducing antimicrobial resistance in beef cattle production systems

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and a standstill in the discovery and design of new antibiotics has been linked to the growing number of human deaths attributed to AMR infections. Intensive beef production utilizes antimicrobials to promote health and growth efficiency. To understand the magnitude and risk of AMR in beef production, it is important to assess the prevalence and diversity of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) within microbial populations. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria are traditionally identified by isolation and growth in the presence of selective antibiotics. Whole-genome, metagenomic, and RNA sequencing provide new avenues to detect and identify novel ARGs in both culturable and unculturable bacterial communities. Some of these approaches place ARGs within the context of mobile genetic elements, gauging their likelihood of transfer across genomes. Genomics can also mitigate AMR, contributing to rational drug design or the development of alternatives to antimicrobials such as vaccines and probiotics. RNA-seq-based transcriptomics and Tn-seq may provide new ways to examine mechanisms that promote or prevent AMR. Finally, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas gene editing could directly reduce AMR by killing AMR-resistant bacteria without harming beneficial bacteria. Together, these technologies may provide new opportunities to identify, quantify, and mitigate AMR while developing alternatives to antimicrobials for beef production.

Analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence patterns inKlebsiella pneumoniaeisolated from human urinary tract infections in India

“…Biofilm mechanisms have severe clinical implications in antimicrobial chemotherapy, disease prognosis and disease control. Biofilm-forming bacteria have reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials due to exclusion of the antimicrobial and slow bacterial growth rates that impede antagonistic activity (Klima et al 2017). Biofilm phenomenon is responsible for hospital-associated UTI which accounts for approximately 40% of the total nosocomial infections in the United States (Saint and Chenoweth 2003).…”