Genetics and evolution of resistance to insecticides

Taylor, Charles

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01728.x

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Therefore, an immediate improvement of the strategy would be to use a dose of a fast decaying insecticide that kills heterozygotes. This has already been suggested by many authors (Taylor 1986;Taylor & Georghiou 1979Curtis et al 1978;Wood & Mani 1981) and may be especially relevant in our situation: a * greatly increases when h s increases (¢gure 4).…”

Section: (D) E¡ective Dominancesupporting

confidence: 75%

Resistance management: the stable zone strategy

Lenormand

Raymond

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

140

130

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The di¡erent strategies of insecticide resistance management that have been formulated so far consist of delaying the appearance and spread of resistance genes. In this paper, we propose a strategy that can be used even if resistance genes are already present. This strategy consists of applying insecticides in an area smaller than a certain critical size, so that gene £ow from the untreated area, combined with the ¢tness cost of the resistance genes, prevents its frequency reaching high equilibrium value. A two-locus model was analysed numerically to determine population densities at equilibrium as a function of selection coe¤cients (insecticide selection, ¢tness costs of resistance genes and dominances), gene £ow and size of the treated area. This model indicates that there is an optimal size for the treated area where a minimal and stable density reach equilibrium, and where resistance genes cannot invade. This resistance management strategy seems applicable to a large variety of ¢eld situations, but eventually it may encounter obstacles due to a modi¢er which reduces the ¢tness costs of resistance genes.

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Section: (D) E¡ective Dominancesupporting

confidence: 75%

Resistance management: the stable zone strategy

Lenormand

Raymond

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

140

130

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“…Other work has shown that adult female Acartia hudsonica from the same ME population are resistant to the toxic incapacitating effects of A. fundyense on feeding (Colin and Dam, 2002b). Toxin resistance in animals is mediated through different mechanisms: behavioral avoidance of toxic foods, increased rates of metabolic breakdown of toxins or decreased sensitivity to toxins (Taylor, 1986). If copepods are able to behaviorally identify and avoid toxic A. fundyense, they would either cease feeding activity when fed the alga as a sole food diet, select against the alga or, as is often observed, resume normal feeding when given a mixed diet (Colin and Dam, 2002b).…”

Section: Effects On Life History Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for resistance of pelagic marine copepods to a toxic dinoflagellate

Colin

Dam

2005

Evol Ecol

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Abstract. With few exceptions, the evolutionary consequences of harmful algae to grazers in aquatic systems remain unexplored. To examine both the ecological and evolutionary consequences of harmful algae on marine zooplankton, we used a two-fold approach. In the first approach, we examined the life history responses of two geographically separate Acartia hudsonica (Copepoda: Calanoida) populations reared on diets containing the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense.

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“…Previous work with insects has found several mechanisms of evolved resistance to toxins. These mechanisms include: behavioral avoidance; metabolic resistance that increases the rate at which toxins are broken down; and decreased sensitivity to toxins (Taylor 1986). If copepods become resistant to a toxic alga via the first mechanism and develop an ability to recognize and avoid the alga, then the alga becomes a feeding deterrent.…”

Section: Feeding Deterrence or Incapacitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding deterrents are compounds found in algae that are detected by the grazer and cause the grazer to behaviorally cease feeding or select against that algal species (Shaw et al 1997). While these algae may contain toxic compounds, if copepods possess the ability to detect and identify a toxic compound in algae, then this is an adaptive trait that enables the grazer to avoid potentially harmful foods prior to ingesting harmful amounts (Taylor 1986). Thus, in such a case, the algae deter the feeding activity of the grazer without inducing a toxic response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense on the copepod Acartia hudsonica: a test of the mechanisms that reduce ingestion rates

Colin

Dam²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Reduced grazing on harmful algal bloom species has been attributed to both the feeding deterrence and toxicity of the algae. Both toxic and deterrent effects of dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium, which contain toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning, have been reported on different copepod species. We examined how toxin-containing Alexandrium fundyense affected ingestion rates of 2 geographically distinct Acartia hudsonica (Copepoda: Calanoida) populations over short timescales. The copepod population from Great Bay, New Jersey, has never been exposed to blooms of toxic A. fundyense, whereas the population from Casco Bay, Maine, has experienced regular blooms of the highly toxic dinoflagellate for decades. Our goals were to examine the mechanisms by which toxin-containing Alexandrium reduced the ingestion rates of copepods and determine whether the mechanisms were related to the exposure history of copepod populations. Copepods were fed, for 48 h durations, sole diets of toxin-containing A. fundyense, non-toxin containing Alexandrium tamarense and the green flagellate Tetraselmis sp. (not known to have toxic effects) and different mixtures of each (70% Alexandrium/30% Tetraselmis sp., 40/60, 20/80). Changes in ingestion rates over time were determined by measuring ingestion at different time intervals (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 h) over the 48 h period using 3 h incubations. The naïve copepods from New Jersey initially ingested toxin-containing A. fundyense, in both sole and mixed diets, at high rates followed by decreases in ingestion over time. By 24 h, their total ingestion rates were near zero. The decreases in ingestion rates, which were not due to prey selection, were also accompanied by reduced respiration rates. In contrast, none of these effects were observed when the New Jersey copepods fed on non-toxic A. tamarense. Additionally, feeding rates of historically exposed copepods from Maine were not affected by the toxin-containing A. fundyense diets. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that toxic A. fundyense physiologically incapacitated the copepods from New Jersey but not those from Maine. Such toxic effects, as opposed to deterrence effects, can have profound implications on the grazers' ability to control harmful algal blooms.

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Genetics and evolution of resistance to insecticides

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Resistance management: the stable zone strategy

Resistance management: the stable zone strategy

Testing for resistance of pelagic marine copepods to a toxic dinoflagellate

Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense on the copepod Acartia hudsonica: a test of the mechanisms that reduce ingestion rates

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