Genetic structure and biogeographic divergence among Sapindus species: An inter-simple sequence repeat-based study of germplasms in China

Sun, Caowen; Wang, Lianchun; Liu, Jiming; Zhao, Guochun; Gao, Shilun; Xi, Benye; Duan, Jie; Weng, Xuehuang; Jia, Liming

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.029

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Vegetative growth spanned three principal stages at our location in southern China: bud (00-09), leaf (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and shoot (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) development. The growth cycle of S. mukorossi differed from those of longan and lychee trees in southern China; these latter species have a period of dormancy in winter after completing the growth of shoot and then start the reproductive period in the spring of next year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several Chinese provinces (e.g., Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Zhejiang Provinces, China) have planted forests on a large scale as raw material sources, and to facilitate many related enterprises. Programs for genetic analysis and selective improvement of species varieties are currently underway, along with developments in planting techniques, studies of biological characteristics, processing and utilization, and the establishment of a sustainable industrial chain [17][18][19][20].S. mukorossi trees can grow to about 30 m in height.…”

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The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

Forests

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Sapindus mukorossi is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages-i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy-and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of S. mukorossi. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in Sapindus, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees. mass of the kernel. Approximately 98% of the oil is stable medium-chain monounsaturated fatty acid, of which oleic and linoleic acids are the major components (>62.5%) [5][6][7][8]. The pericarp is rich in triterpenoid saponins and sesquiterpenoids that are widely used in skin care products, and have been developed as a natural source of surfactants [9][10][11][12]. Recent research shows that these saponins have the functional activities of hepatoprotective effects, anticancer proliferation, and killing sperm; they are also used for herbicidal and antioxidant [13][14][15][16]. These excellent properties make S. mukorossi an attractive candidate for further forest development. The species has been included in a Chinese national forestry biomass energy development project that will apply from 2011 to 2020. Several Chinese provinces (e.g., Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Zhejiang Provinces, China) have planted forests on a large scale as raw material sources, and to facilitate many related enterprises. Programs for genetic analysis and selective improvement of species varieties are currently underway, along with developments in planting techniques, studies of biological characteristics, processing and utilization, and the establishment of a sustainable industrial chain [17][18][19][20].S. mukorossi trees can grow to about 30 m in height. They bloom at 4-5 years after seedlings have been planted. The inflorescence is a large terminal panicle growing in a sequence of 1, 2, 3 side axes on the primary axis. The floret is bisexual; each inflorescence contains small functional male and female flowers, which are light yellow to white-and each has five calyxes, five petals, eight stamens, and an ovary comprising 3-5 carpels. Functional male flowers usually bloom before females, although this sequence is sometimes reversed. The main pollinators are species of bees, flies, and butte...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…It is a powerful tool for estimating the characteristics of genetic diversity and distinguishing among individuals from different sources (EL-Bakatoushi & Ahmed, 2018; Nair et al, 2018; Kumar & Agrawal, 2017; Zheng et al, 2012). Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers are dominant markers based on PCR and have been widely used in different genetic diversity studies (Xing et al, 2016; Gaafara et al, 2017; Sun et al, 2018; Khalifa et al, 2016). Sequence-related amplified polymorphism is a PCR-based molecular marker developed by Li & Quiros (2001), which uses a unique dual primer design to amplify specific regions of open reading frames (ORFs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of genetic population structure and diversity inMallotus oblongifoliususing ISSR and SRAP markers

Yan

Zheng

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Background Mallotus oblongifolius, an evergreen shrub endemic to Hainan Island, China, is important both medicinally and economically. Due to its special medicinal significance and the continuing rise of market demand, its populations in the wild have been subject to long-term illegal and unrestrained collection. Hence, an evaluation of genetic variability is essential for the conservation and genetic reserve development of this species. Methods Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to assess the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 20 natural populations of M. oblongifolius growing in different eco-geographical regions of Hainan Island, China. Results We revealed a considerable genetic diversity (h = 0.336, I = 0.5057, SRAP markers; h = 0.3068, I = 0.4657, ISSR markers) and weak genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.2764 for SRAP, Gst = 0.2709 for ISSR) with the same gene flow (Nm = 1.3092 for SRAP, Nm = 1.346 for ISSR) among the M. oblongifolius populations. The Mantel Test showed that the distribution of genetic variation among populations could not be explained by the pronounced geographical distances (r = 0.01255, p = 0.5538). All results of the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), Neighbor-joining (NJ), Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and Bayesian analyses supported a habitat-specific genetic clustering model for M. oblongifolius, indicating a local adaptive divergence for the studied populations. Discussion We suggested that the habitat fragmentation and specificity for M. oblongifolius populations weakened the natural gene flow and promoted an adaptation to special habitats, which was the main reason for local adaptive divergence among M. oblongifolius.

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“…The occurrence of S. emarginatus was found at the ecological niches exhibiting varied altitudinal ranges (CV = 74.40%), and MAP distribution (CV = 22.51%) but with a narrow temperature gradient (CV = 3.90%; Table 4). Sun et al studied the natural distribution of another species of the same genus (S. mukorossi) which showed comparatively wider range of MAP (CV = 26.84%) and mean annual temperature (CV = 17.84%) 27 . Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive fitness of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl populations towards future climatic regimes and the limiting factors of its distribution

Pal

Vaishnav

Meena

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Sapindus emarginatus Vahl (Sapindaceae) also known as 'Indian Soap nut' is significantly important for saponin content in its fruits. However, its current population in India is heavily fragmented due to a lack of sustainable harvesting practices. Moreover, changing climatic regimes may further limit its distribution and possibly compromise the survival of the species in nature. The aim of the present study was to: predict the future distribution range of S. emarginatus; identify the bioclimatic variables limiting this distribution and to evaluate its adaptive fitness and genomic resilience towards these variables. To determine future species distribution range and identify limiting bioclimatic variables, we applied two different ecological niche models (ENMs; BioClim and MaxEnt) on real occurrence data (n = 88 locations). The adaptive fitness of the species was evaluated by quantifying the genetic variability with AFLP markers and marker-environmental associations, using AFLP-associated Bayesian statistics. We found 77% overlap between the baseline (2030) and predicted (2100) species distribution ranges, which were primarily determined by maximum temperature (T MAX) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). the t MAX and MAP contributed 43.1% and 27.1%, respectively to ENM model prediction. Furthermore, AFLP loci significantly associated with bioclimatic variables, and T MAX and MAP represent the lowest proportion (6.15%), confirming to the severe response of the species genome towards these variables. Nevertheless, the very low Linkage disequilibrium (LD) in these loci (4.54%) suggests that the current sensitivity to T MAX and MAP is subject to change during recombination. Moreover, a combination of high heterozygosity (0.40-0.43) and high within-population variability (91.63 ± 0.31%) confirmed high adaptive fitness to maintain reproductive success. Therefore, the current populations of S. emarginatus have substantial genomic resilience towards future climate change, albeit significant conservation efforts (including mass multiplication) are warranted to avoid future deleterious impacts of inbreeding depression on the fragmented populations. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl (Sapindaceae) also known as 'Indian 'Soap nut' is a tree species native to Indian sub-continent. In India, it is considered to be originated in the Western-Ghats and later extended up to the West-Central-North Indian biogeographical regions 1. The species is of substantial importance for global trade in soap and perfumery industries due to the oil and saponin content obtained from its leaves, fruits and seeds. The global trade of saponin from all plant sources is expected to grow up to 970 million US$ in 2023, from 950 million US$ in 2017 2. India exports approximately 63,368 kg/year of saponin extract obtained from all plant sources to different countries 3. The exact contribution of S. emarginatus to the global saponin market is unclear, but probably substantial as the species is widely used traditionally at Indian homes as detergent to wash precious ...

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Genetic structure and biogeographic divergence among Sapindus species: An inter-simple sequence repeat-based study of germplasms in China

Cited by 20 publications

References 19 publications

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Analysis of genetic population structure and diversity inMallotus oblongifoliususing ISSR and SRAP markers

Adaptive fitness of Sapindus emarginatus Vahl populations towards future climatic regimes and the limiting factors of its distribution

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