Generation of single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation

Meijer, Jan; Burchard, B.; Domhan, M.; Wittmann, Christoffer; Gaebel, T.; Popa, I.; Jelezko, Fedor; Wrachtrup, Jörg

doi:10.1063/1.2103389

Cited by 244 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The relatively high fluorescence rates are a consequence of optical waveguiding by the diamond pillar structure 35 , where fluorescence saturation is typically observed at incident green powers of about 1 mW. Two-photon autocorrelation measurements verified which pillars host single NV centers 36 . The diamond cantilevers are glued to a pulled glass fiber using a micromanipulator, which is then attached to a quartz tuning fork for force sensing.…”

Section: Probe Design and Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

et al. 2016

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High spatial resolution magnetic imaging has driven important developments in fields ranging from materials science to biology. However, to uncover finer details approaching the nanoscale with greater sensitivity requires the development of a radically new sensor technology. The nitrogenvacancy (NV) defect in diamond has emerged as a promising candidate for such a sensor based on its atomic size and quantum-limited sensing capabilities afforded by long spin coherence times. Although the NV center has been successfully implemented as a nanoscale scanning magnetic probe at room temperature, it has remained an outstanding challenge to extend this capability to cryogenic temperatures, where many solid-state systems exhibit non-trivial magnetic order. Here we present NV magnetic imaging down to 6 K with 6 nm spatial resolution and 3 μT/√Hz field sensitivity, first benchmarking the technique with a magnetic hard disk sample, then utilizing the technique to image vortices in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2 with Tc = 30 K. The expansion of NVbased magnetic imaging to cryogenic temperatures represents an important advance in state-of-theart magnetometry, which will enable future studies of heretofore inaccessible nanoscale magnetism in condensed matter systems. and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 7 , and reciprocal space techniques including neutron scattering 8 have been successfully utilized to study magnetism in these systems. However, each of these techniques has limitations that must be considered. In MFM, a ferromagnetic tip must be placed in close proximity to a sample, which can perturb the magnetic order that is being probed.Scanning SQUIDs typically require a probe temperature of 10 K or lower, and generally offer micron-size spatial resolution, although recent studies have enhanced the resolution to submicron scales 9 . Lorentz TEM can provide images with high spatial resolution and magnetic contrast, but requires very thin samples, typically less than 100 nm thick. Neutron scattering requires the growth of large, high purity single-crystal samples, and is an ensemble-averaged measurement. There is therefore a significant opportunity to develop a real-space, non-invasive magnetic sensor capable of studying magnetic order at sub-10 nm spatial resolution and sub-T/Hz DC field sensitivities.The nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect center in diamond is an exceptionally versatile single spin system with unique quantum properties that have driven its application in diverse areas ranging from quantum information and photonics to quantum metrology [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Cryogenic scanning magnetometry stands out as potentially the most impactful application of NV centers, taking advantage of the exquisite magnetic field sensitivity and intrinsic atomic scale of the NV center for high resolution imaging 20 . The operation of an NV-based magnetic probe is dependent on a fundamentally different sensing principle than other imaging methods, namely the spin-dependent photolum...

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Section: Probe Design and Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

et al. 2016

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“…This latter method may provide greater spatial control of the implantation process, which will benefit controlled fabrication of arrays of single NV -3 centers, and the low N-content of the starting material is essential for long coherence times of the spin states of the NV -center. 7 Meijer et al 9 The purpose of this work is to confirm and differentiate Method A from Method B, and ultimately provide a technique for measuring the yield of NV -formation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Implantation of labelled single nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond using N15

Rabeau

Reichart

Tamanyan

et al. 2006

Applied Physics Letters

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Nitrogen-vacancy (NV -) color centers in diamond were created by implantation of 7 keV 15 N (I = ½) ions into type IIa diamond. Optically detected magnetic resonance was employed to measure the hyperfine coupling of the NV -centers. The hyperfine spectrum from 15 NV -arising from implanted 15 N can be distinguished from 14 NVcenters created by native 14 N (I = 1) sites. Analysis indicates 1 in 40 implanted 15 N atoms give rise to an optically observable 15 NV -center. This report ultimately demonstrates a mechanism by which the yield of NV -center formation by nitrogen implantation can be measured.

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“…Sensitive electric-field detection is based on the remarkable properties of the NV centre 10 . The most notable of these are: the detection of fluorescence from single defects to provide an atom-sized local probe 11 , outstandingly long spin dephasing times 12 , as well as the controlled positioning of single centres 13,14 . These properties have led to a variety of applications of the NV centre, ranging from quantum science 15 and precision magnetic-field sensing [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] to biolabelling 25,26 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins

Dolde¹,

Fedder²,

et al. 2011

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The ability to sensitively detect individual charges under ambient conditions would benefit a wide range of applications across disciplines. However, most current techniques are limited to low-temperature methods such as single-electron transistors 1,2 , single-electron electrostatic force microscopy 3 and scanning tunnelling microscopy 4 . Here we introduce a quantum-metrology technique demonstrating precision three-dimensional electric-field measurement using a single nitrogen-vacancy defect centre spin in diamond. An a.c. electric-field sensitivity reaching 202 ± 6 V cm −1 Hz −1/2 has been achieved. This corresponds to the electric field produced by a single elementary charge located at a distance of ∼150 nm from our spin sensor with averaging for one second. The analysis of the electronic structure of the defect centre reveals how an applied magnetic field influences the electric-field-sensing properties. We also demonstrate that diamond-defect-centre spins can be switched between electric-and magnetic-field sensing modes and identify suitable parameter ranges for both detector schemes. By combining magnetic-and electric-field sensitivity, nanoscale detection and ambient operation, our study should open up new frontiers in imaging and sensing applications ranging from materials science to bioimaging.Sensitive imaging or detection of charges is an outstanding task in a variety of applications. The development, for example, of single-electron transistors (SET; ref. 5) has pushed charge sensing to an unprecedented sensitivity of 10 −6 electron charge, and is being used in low-temperature detection and scanning applications 2 , and in sensors in quantum devices 6 . Inspired by the development of tunnelling microscopy a variety of scanning probes have been devised to measure surface electrical properties, such as scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM; ref. 7), scanning Kelvin probe (ref. 8) and electric field-sensitive atomic force microscopy (EFM; ref. 9). Indeed, the last method has shown the remarkable ability to detect the presence of individual charges 3 .We report on a fundamentally new method that uses the spin of single defect centres in diamond to sense electric-field-dependent shifts in energy levels. Sensitive electric-field detection is based on the remarkable properties of the NV centre 10 . The most notable of these are: the detection of fluorescence from single defects to provide an atom-sized local probe 11 , outstandingly long spin dephasing times 12 , as well as the controlled positioning of single centres 13,14 . These properties have led to a variety of applications of the NV centre, ranging from quantum science 15 and precision magnetic-field sensing [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] to biolabelling 25,26 . It is the aim of the present work to explore the interplay between the Zeeman shift, local strain effects and the Stark shift of the ground state spin manifold and use the improved understanding of this interplay for the sensing of electric fields. We will show that the decoupling of the...

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Generation of single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation

Cited by 244 publications

References 14 publications

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

Implantation of labelled single nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond using N15

Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins

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