Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins

Dolde, Florian; Fedder, Helmut; Doherty, Marcus W.; Nöbauer, Tobias; Rempp, Florian; Balasubramanian, Gopalakrishnan; Wolf, Thomas; Reinhard, Friedemann; Hollenberg, Lloyd C. L.; Jelezko, Fedor; Wrachtrup, Jörg

doi:10.1038/nphys1969

Cited by 1,147 publications

(1,195 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Neutron scattering requires the growth of large, high purity single-crystal samples, and is an ensemble-averaged measurement. There is therefore a significant opportunity to develop a real-space, non-invasive magnetic sensor capable of studying magnetic order at sub-10 nm spatial resolution and sub-T/Hz DC field sensitivities.The nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect center in diamond is an exceptionally versatile single spin system with unique quantum properties that have driven its application in diverse areas ranging from quantum information and photonics to quantum metrology [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Cryogenic scanning magnetometry stands out as potentially the most impactful application of NV centers, taking advantage of the exquisite magnetic field sensitivity and intrinsic atomic scale of the NV center for high resolution imaging 20 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

et al. 2016

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High spatial resolution magnetic imaging has driven important developments in fields ranging from materials science to biology. However, to uncover finer details approaching the nanoscale with greater sensitivity requires the development of a radically new sensor technology. The nitrogenvacancy (NV) defect in diamond has emerged as a promising candidate for such a sensor based on its atomic size and quantum-limited sensing capabilities afforded by long spin coherence times. Although the NV center has been successfully implemented as a nanoscale scanning magnetic probe at room temperature, it has remained an outstanding challenge to extend this capability to cryogenic temperatures, where many solid-state systems exhibit non-trivial magnetic order. Here we present NV magnetic imaging down to 6 K with 6 nm spatial resolution and 3 μT/√Hz field sensitivity, first benchmarking the technique with a magnetic hard disk sample, then utilizing the technique to image vortices in the iron pnictide superconductor BaFe2(As0.7P0.3)2 with Tc = 30 K. The expansion of NVbased magnetic imaging to cryogenic temperatures represents an important advance in state-of-theart magnetometry, which will enable future studies of heretofore inaccessible nanoscale magnetism in condensed matter systems. and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 7 , and reciprocal space techniques including neutron scattering 8 have been successfully utilized to study magnetism in these systems. However, each of these techniques has limitations that must be considered. In MFM, a ferromagnetic tip must be placed in close proximity to a sample, which can perturb the magnetic order that is being probed.Scanning SQUIDs typically require a probe temperature of 10 K or lower, and generally offer micron-size spatial resolution, although recent studies have enhanced the resolution to submicron scales 9 . Lorentz TEM can provide images with high spatial resolution and magnetic contrast, but requires very thin samples, typically less than 100 nm thick. Neutron scattering requires the growth of large, high purity single-crystal samples, and is an ensemble-averaged measurement. There is therefore a significant opportunity to develop a real-space, non-invasive magnetic sensor capable of studying magnetic order at sub-10 nm spatial resolution and sub-T/Hz DC field sensitivities.The nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect center in diamond is an exceptionally versatile single spin system with unique quantum properties that have driven its application in diverse areas ranging from quantum information and photonics to quantum metrology [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Cryogenic scanning magnetometry stands out as potentially the most impactful application of NV centers, taking advantage of the exquisite magnetic field sensitivity and intrinsic atomic scale of the NV center for high resolution imaging 20 . The operation of an NV-based magnetic probe is dependent on a fundamentally different sensing principle than other imaging methods, namely the spin-dependent photolum...

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Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

et al. 2016

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“…Its sensitivity to magnetic 1,2 and electric fields, 3 as well as sensitivity to temperature, 4 makes the NV À a highly versatile sensor for bioapplications. Combining this atom-sized solid-state system with subdiffraction resolution optical microscopy should allow sensing the interior of cells at the nanoscale in a unique, multifunctional way.…”

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Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Resolves Individual Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Diamond Nanocrystals

et al. 2013

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Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in nanodiamonds are highly promising for bioimaging and sensing. However, resolving individual NV centers within nanodiamond particles and the controlled addressing and readout of their spin state has remained a major challenge. Spatially stochastic superresolution techniques cannot provide this capability in principle, whereas coordinate-controlled super-resolution imaging methods, like stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, have been predicted to fail in nanodiamonds.Here we show that, contrary to these predictions, STED can resolve single NV centers in 40À250 nm sized nanodiamonds with a resolution of ≈10 nm. Even multiple adjacent NVs located in single nanodiamonds can be imaged individually down to relative distances of ≈15 nm. Far-field optical super-resolution of NVs inside nanodiamonds is highly relevant for bioimaging applications of these fluorescent nanolabels. The targeted addressing and readout of individual NV À spins inside nanodiamonds by STED should also be of high significance for quantum sensing and information applications.

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“…One system particularly well suited for this application is the nitrogen vacancy center (NV center) in diamond. NV centers have already found numerous applications ranging from quantum information science [17], single-photon generation [18,19] and quantum metrology [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] to fluorescence-based bioimaging [27]. Important for the present work is that the NV center exhibits stable photoluminescence at room temperature (unlike most quantum dots that suffer from blinking) and the center's optical properties are preserved when the diamond host takes the form of a nanocrystal.…”

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Nanoscale Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of an Optical Antenna with a Single Diamond NV Center

et al. 2013

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Abstract:Solid-state quantum emitters, such as artificially engineered quantum dots or naturally occurring defects in solids, are being investigated for applications ranging from quantum information science and optoelectronics to biomedical imaging. Recently, these same systems have also been studied from the perspective of nanoscale metrology. In this letter we study the near-field optical properties of a diamond nanocrystal hosting a single nitrogen vacancy center. We find that the nitrogen vacancy center is a sensitive probe of the surrounding electromagnetic mode structure. We exploit this sensitivity to demonstrate nanoscale fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with a single nitrogen vacancy center by imaging the local density of states of an optical antenna.Controlled interaction of light and matter at the nanoscale requires a detailed understanding of the local electromagnetic mode distribution. It has been recognized for some time that, in contrast to the homogeneity exhibited by the vacuum electromagnetic modes in free space, surfaces and nanostructured environments can sculpt the local electromagnetic mode density or local density of optical states (LDOS). A manifestation of this modification, as first pointed out by Purcell [1], is that the excited state lifetime of a quantum object is not an immutable property, but depends sensitively on the system's . Important for the present work is that the NV center exhibits stable photoluminescence at room temperature (unlike most quantum dots that suffer from blinking) and the center's optical properties are preserved when the diamond host takes the form of a nanocrystal. In the following we exploit the previous features to demonstrate, for the first time, the suitability of the NV center for nanoscale FLIM by imaging a nanoscale optical antenna [28].The top panel of Fig. 1a presents an illustration of the FLIM concept. In the first modality a single quantum system (the "probe") is affixed to the vertex of a nanoscale tip and a sample to be interrogated (the "object") is scanned in close proximity to the emitter. The object perturbs the local electromagnetic environment of the probe and modifies its excited state dynamics that can be recorded as a function of the object's x-y coordinates to build an image. A second approach, followed in the present work, is to fix the probe in space, see bottom panel of Fig. 1a, and scan the object through the focus. Again, by monitoring the probe lifetime an image can be recorded. In our experiments a single NV center in a diamond nanocrystal is our probe of the nanoscale LDOS created by the object.

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Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins

Cited by 1,147 publications

References 32 publications

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor

Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Resolves Individual Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Diamond Nanocrystals

Nanoscale Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of an Optical Antenna with a Single Diamond NV Center

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