Implantation of labelled single nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond using N15

Rabeau, James R.; Reichart, P.; Tamanyan, G Yu; Jamieson, David N.; Prawer, S.; Jelezko, Fedor; Gaebel, T.; Popa, I.; Domhan, M.; Wrachtrup, Joerg

doi:10.1063/1.2158700

Cited by 204 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The highest conversion efficiencies estimated here are similar to those obtained through pure nitrogen implantation at a similar energy range. 22,28 Higher conversion efficiencies, up to 50%, have only been obtained with MeV nitrogen implantation energies 25 or with nitrogen and carbon co-implantation. 24 Next, we discuss the optical spectral linewidths for NV centers created using this method.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[18][19][20][21] The most commonly used technique to create NV centers near a surface is implantation of nitrogen ions followed by annealing at 900 C. [22][23][24] Rabeau et al reported a creation yield of 2.5% for the optically detectable NV À centers per implanted nitrogen (N) ion. 22 Pezzagna et al investigated a wide range of nitrogen implantation energies from 5 keV to 18 MeV and gave the dependence of the NV yield on the ion energies. 25 Naydenov et al determined that co-implantation of carbon and nitrogen ions increases the NV À conversion efficiency to up to 50%.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers created by scanning focused helium ion beam and annealing

Huang

Santori

et al. 2013

Appl. Phys. Lett.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers created by scanning focused helium ion beam and annealing

Huang

Santori

et al. 2013

Appl. Phys. Lett.

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“…to the nitrogen nuclear spin ( [25] and is inhomogeneously broadened by the 13 C nuclear spin bath [23,26]. Other minor broadening effects are impurity electron spins or fluctuating electric or magnetic fields.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Precision Nanoscale Temperature Sensing Using Single Defects in Diamond

et al. 2013

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Measuring local temperature with a spatial resolution on the order of a few nanometers has a wide range of applications from semiconductor industry over material to life sciences [1]. When combined with precision temperature measurement it promises to give excess to small temperature changes caused e.g. by chemical reactions or biochemical processes [2]. However, nanoscale temperature measurements and precision have excluded each other so far owing to the physical processes used for temperature measurement of limited stability of nanoscale probes [3]. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel nanoscale temperature sensing technique based on single atomic defects in diamonds. Sensor sizes range from millimeter down to a few tens of nanometers. Utilizing the sensitivity of the optically accessible electron spin level structure to temperature changes [4] we achieve a temperature noise floor of 5 mK/ √ Hz for single defects in bulk sensors. Using doped nanodiamonds as sensors yields temperature measurement with 130 mK/ √ Hz noise floor and accuracies down to 1 mK at length scales of a few ten nanometers. The high sensitivity to temperature changes together with excellent spatial resolution combined with outstanding sensor stability allows for nanoscale precision temperature determination enough to measure chemical processes of few or single molecules by their reaction heat even in heterogeneous environments like cells.Several kinds of nanoscale temperature sensing techniques have been developed in the recent past [1]. These are scanning thermal microscopes (SThM) [5], dispersed or scanned individual nanoprobes [3,6], direct methods like micro-Raman spectroscopy [7] or near-field optical temperature measurements [8]. SThMs have temperature sensitive elements at a scanning tip (e.g. thermocouple), the nanoprobes have temperature dependent properties (e.g. fluorescence spectrum) which can be accessed without direct contact.In this study utilize a single quantum system in a solid state matrix as a temperature nanoprobe, namely the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, which allows probe sizes down to ∼ 5 nm [9]. High fidelity control of its ground state electronic and nuclear spins has been demonstrated for various quantum information test experiments [10-15] as well as for nanometer scale metrology purposes [16][17][18][19] e.g. measuring small magnetic and electric fields. Here we show that it also allows tracking temperature with high precision. Temperature nanoprobes can be either dispersed in the specimen to be investigated or used in scanning probe geometry (see fig. 1a).The NV center is a molecular impurity in diamond comprising a substitutional nitrogen impurity and an adjacent carbon vacancy. Optical excitation in a wavelength range from 460 nm to 580 nm yields intense fluorescence emission [20]. Excitation also leads to a high degree of ground state electron spin polarization (S = 1, the actual sensor level) into its m S = 0 (|0 ) sublevel [21]. Furthermore the fluorescence decreases upo...

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“…The last two samples were produced by a high purity CVD procedure with an initial nitrogen concentration of ∼ 2 × 10 14 N/cm 3 and an NV concentration that was below the detection limit. These two samples then underwent a nitrogen implantation process (Innovion) [20,[23][24][25][26], at an energy of 20 keV and doses of 2 × 10 11 and 2 × 10 12 N/cm 2 , followed by standard annealing (Across International TF1400): 8 hours, temperature 800 o C, vacuum ∼ 7.5 × 10 −7 Torr (hereafter -we refer to these two samples as nitrogenimplanted CVD). The maximum depth of the nitrogen layer created by the implantation is ∼ 100 nm, limited by ion channeling [26].…”

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Enhanced concentrations of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond through TEM irradiation

Farfurnik

Alfasi

Masis

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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The studies of many-body dynamics of interacting spin ensembles, as well as quantum sensing in solid state systems, are often limited by the need for high spin concentrations, along with efficient decoupling of the spin ensemble from its environment. In particular, for an ensemble of nitrogenvacancy (NV) centers in diamond, high conversion efficiencies between nitrogen (P1) defects and NV centers are essential, while maintaining long coherence times of an NV ensemble. In this work, we study the effect of electron irradiation on the conversion efficiency and the coherence time of various types of diamond samples with different initial nitrogen concentrations. The samples were irradiated using a 200 keV transmission electron microscope (TEM). Our study reveals that the efficiency of NV creation strongly depends on the initial conversion efficiency as well as on the initial nitrogen concentration. The irradiation of the examined samples exhibits an order of magnitude improvement in the NV concentration (up to ∼ 10 11 NV/cm 2 ), without degradation in their coherence times of ∼ 180 µs. We address the potential of this technique toward the study of many-body physics of NV ensembles and the creation of non-classical spin states for quantum sensing. The study of quantum many-body spin physics in realistic solid-state platforms has been a long-standing goal in quantum and condensed-matter physics. In addition to the fundamental understanding of spin dynamics, such research could pave the way toward the demonstration of non-classical spin states, which will be useful for a variety of applications in quantum information and quantum sensing. One of the leading candidates for such studies is the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, having unique spin and optical properties, which make it useful for various sensing applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], as well as a resource for quantum information processing and quantum simulation [10][11][12].The current state-of-the-art is limited by the requirement of obtaining high spin concentrations while maintaining long coherence times. The sensitivity of magnetic sensing grows as the square-root of the number of spins [1,3], thus enhanced NV concentrations could improve magnetometric sensitivities. Furthermore, enhanced NV concentrations could lead to strong NV-NV couplings, which together with long coherence times, achieved using a proper dynamical decoupling protocol [13], could pave the way toward the study of many-body dynamics in the NV-NV interaction-dominated regime [10][11][12]. However, nitrogen defects not associated with vacancies (P1 centers) create randomly fluctuating magnetic fields that cause decoherence of the quantum state of the NV ensemble [14,15]. As a result, in most cases it would be beneficial to increase the concentration of NV centers while keeping the nitrogen concentration constant, i.e. improve the N to NV conversion efficiency.A common technique for improving the conversion efficiency is the irradiation of the sample with elec...

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Implantation of labelled single nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond using N15

Cited by 204 publications

References 15 publications

Diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers created by scanning focused helium ion beam and annealing

Diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers created by scanning focused helium ion beam and annealing

High-Precision Nanoscale Temperature Sensing Using Single Defects in Diamond

Enhanced concentrations of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond through TEM irradiation

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