Gene doping: Present and future

Cantelmo, Rebeca Araujo; Silva, Alessandra Pereira da; Mendes-Junior, Celso Teixeira; Dorta, Daniel Junqueira

doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1695952

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…From a public health point of view, the abovementioned prevalence estimates for the use of doping substances, especially in recreational athletes, are alarming. The use of doping substances appears to be associated with physiological (e.g., cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal) and psychological side effects and with an increased mortality in general ( Pope et al, 2014 ; Momaya et al, 2015 ; Cantelmo et al, 2019 ; Atkinson and Kahn, 2020 ). However, understanding why athletes and especially recreational athletes tend to use doping substances contributes to evidence-based planning of anti-doping interventions because effective programs have to target factors causally related to the use of doping substances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Heller¹,

Ulrich

Simon

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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Introduction: The current literature provides no consensus that nutritional supplements (NS) may provide a gateway to doping. In particular, studies in recreational athletes are lacking. Within a previous cross-sectional empirical study, our group provided first evidence that the use of NS may provide a gateway for the use of doping substances in recreational triathletes. For the present paper, we refine the analysis of the triathletes' survey in order to provide evidence for a NS gateway hypothesis in recreational athletes. Methods: A self-report, paper-and-pencil questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 2,997 competitive ironman and half-ironman (n = 1,076; 36.1%) triathletes. The randomized response technique (RRT) was used to assess the 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances. The prevalence for the use of NS was assessed by using direct questioning. Two-tailed (α = 0.05) large-sample z-tests were performed to assess whether the estimated prevalence for the use of doping substances differs significantly between users and nonusers of NS. Results: The 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances is significantly higher in athletes who report using NS (20.6%) compared to those who do not (11.4%; z = 2.595, p = 0.0097). Conclusion: The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that the use of NS provides a gateway to the use of doping substances. Therefore, doping prevention concepts should not primarily focus on preventing the use of doping substances per se, but should start one step earlier, namely by the use of NS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Heller¹,

Ulrich

Simon

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…Genetic modification would likely lead to runaway competition in desired abilities; for example, concern over the ease of "gene doping" in sports is being addressed with a search for means to detect it and enforce a ban on such practices. There are an increasing number of technologies for genetic manipulation as well as an increasing number of genes that are considered likely candidates for gene doping (see Cantelmo et al 2020). This also leads to the concern over genetic modification of human soldiers to increase strength, stamina, endurance, risk tolerance, and other characteristics a despotic regime might foolishly believe are desirable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who are We, and Who (or What) Do We Want to Become? An Evolutionary Perspective on Biotransformative Technologies

Lyons‐Weiler¹

2021

Biol Theory

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Human evolution sits at several important thresholds. In organic evolution, interplay between exogenous environmental and genetic factors rendered new phenotypes at rates limited by genetic variation. The interplay took place on adaptive fitness landscapes determined by correspondence of genetic and environmental relationships. Human evolution involved important emergences that altered the adaptive landscape: language, writing, organized societies, science, and the internet. These endogenous factors ushered in transformative periods leading to more rapidly evolving emergences. I explore the impact of development of emerging biotransformative technologies capable of being applied to effect self-genetic modification and artificial intelligence-augmented cognition on the evolutionary landscape of phenotypes important to cognitive plasticity. Interaction effects will yield unanticipated emergences resulting in hyperrealm adaptive landscapes with more rapid evolutionary processes that feed back upon more fundamental levels while vastly outpacing organic evolution. Emerging technologies exist that are likely to impact the evolution of cognitive plasticity in humans in ways and at rates that will lead to societal upheaval. I show that the theoretical contribution of organic evolution in future human evolution is expected to become comparatively insignificant relative to that made by endogenous environmental factors such as external cognition aids and manipulation of the human genome. The results support the conclusion of a strong recommendation of a moratorium on the adoption of any technology capable of completely altering the course of human evolution.

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“…Genetic engineering and gene therapy approaches are advancing, underlined recently once more by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 being awarded “for the development of a method for genome editing.” 195 At similar pace as the scientific breakthroughs in genetics occur and details of the human genetic predisposition in the context of athletic performance are unraveled, 196 the concerns regarding misuse of the acquired knowledge and technology in the world of sport develop and appropriate test methods in routine doping controls are in great demand 197–199 . An analytical assay targeting human EPO transgene was reported by Aoki et al, who administered 50 μg of intron‐free human EPO gene‐containing naked plasmids into mice, either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly 200 .…”

Section: Gene Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020

Thevis

Kuuranne

Geyer

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/ endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in antidoping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.

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Gene doping: Present and future

Cited by 27 publications

References 55 publications

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis

Who are We, and Who (or What) Do We Want to Become? An Evolutionary Perspective on Biotransformative Technologies

Annual banned‐substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020

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