Gender Differences in Dysfunctional Attitudes in Major Depressive Disorder

Abstract

Background: Dysfunctional attitudes play a key role in the development and prognosis of depression. Gender also plays an important role in many clinical features of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study is aimed at investigating the gender differences in dysfunctional attitudes in patients with MDD. Methods: One hundred and seventy-two patients with MDD and 159 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. Dysfunctional attitudes were assessed by the Chinese version of the dysfunctional attitude scale-form A (C-DAS-A) and depression severity was assessed by the 24-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD 24). The 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA 14) was used to measure anxiety. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) of gender and diagnosis on C-DAS-A total and factor scores was adopted with age, education, and body mass index (BMI) controlled. Multiple linear regression analyses of DAS were performed in the MDD group. Results: First, the C-DAS-A score in the MDD group was increased significantly than HCs. Second, female patients with MDD showed significantly higher scores in C-DAS-A total and three-factor scores (seeking applause, dependence, and self-determination attitude), while no significant difference between female HCs and male HCs was detected. Third, five variables (age, gender, smoking history, HAMD 24 , and HAMA 14) had predictive effects on and gender showed the greatest contributions to C-DAS-A total and threefactor scores (seeking applause, dependence, and self-determination attitude). Conclusion: Females with MDD may be linked to more severe cognitive distortion than their male counterparts in seeking applause, dependence, and self-determination attitude, supporting the reasonableness for gender-specific psychosocial interventions.

Follow-up study on COVID-19 survivors one year after discharge from hospital

“…Furthermore, we used the Chinese version of HAMA-14 and HAMD-24 to evaluate signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Lu et al, 2020). Overall, participants with HAMA scores of 0-6, 7-13 and ≥ 14 points were categorized as having no, mild/moderate anxiety, and severe anxiety, respectively (Qin et al, 2020). The total score of HAMD is operationally categorized as follows: normal (score 0-6), mild or probable depression (score 7-17), moderate or definite depression (score 18-24) and severe depression (score ≥ 25) (Zhuang et al, 2018).…”

Traditional Chinese Medicine Body Constitutions and Psychological Determinants of Depression among University Students in Malaysia: A Pilot Study

“…Psychological factors associated with depression include dysfunctional attitude, stress, perceived stress, and self-esteem. It has been well documented that dysfunctional attitudes are related to mood disorders [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Dysfunctional attitudes are beliefs and attitudes that induce negative thoughts about oneself, others, and the future [ 36 ].…”

State-Dependent and Trait-Like Characteristics of Dysfunctional Attitudes in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder

“…As reported in our previous paper ( 14 ), the DAs were assessed by the Chinese version of DAS form A (C-DAS-A). The C-DAS-A was translated from the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale ( 15 ) by Chen et al.…”

“…( 16 ) proposed an eight-factor structure (vulnerability, attraction and repulsion, perfectionism, compulsion, seeking applause, dependence, self-determination attitude, and cognition philosophy) of the C-DAS-A, which was widely adopted in the later studies, also adopted in present study. For a detailed description about the characteristics of the C-DAS-A, please refer to our previous paper ( 14 ).…”