Gender determination in equine fetuses between days 50 and 90 of pregnancy

Merkt, H; Moura, JA; Jöchle, W.

doi:10.1016/s0737-0806(99)80077-x

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…With the exception of one exam, all results in the field examinations were identical to the DVD ones, contrarily to what Merkt (1999) found in mares. This occurred because this experiment, besides having adopted external light control and placing the ultrasound unit at the level of the operator´s eyes, was performed with ewes which tolerated the procedures well for the most part.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

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Pregnancy diagnosis, fetal quantification and gender estimation by ultra-sonography in ewes

et al. 2009

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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the accuracy of gestation, fetal sexing and quantification diagnoses in ewes. Pregnancy and fetal quantification were diagnosed in 105 ewes at 35 days of pregnancy. For the fetal gender diagnosis sexing diagnose 55 ewes between 49 and 59 days of pregnancy were used. All exams were recorded on DVD for posterior analysis. After birth, lamb sex was recorded to determine fetal sexing precision. Data were analyzed by chisquare ( 2 ) or Fisher's test, with a significance of 0.05. One hundred percent of pregnancy ultrasound diagnoses were correct. As for the fetal quantification diagnoses, there was an error of 12%. It was possible to diagnose the fetal sex in 87% of the 69 examined fetuses, and 90% of these were estimated correctly. The realtime ultrasound diagnoses were not different from the recorded DVD image diagnoses. Therefore, pregnancy diagnosis accuracy may reach 100%, differing from fetal gender estimation and quantification, which are dependent upon other variables such as fetal gender and examiner experience.Index terms: Ovine, fetal sexing, pregnancy diagnosis, ultra-sonography. RESUMOO objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a acurácia do diagnóstico de gestação, quantificação e sexagem fetal em ovelhas. Foram realizados o diagnóstico de gestação e a quantificação fetal em 105 ovelhas aos 35 dias de gestação. Para o diagnóstico da sexagem fetal foram utilizadas 55 ovelhas com período de gestação entre 49 e 59 dias. As imagens de todos os exames foram gravadas em DVD para permitir posterior análise. Após o nascimento dos cordeiros, os respectivos sexos foram observados para determinar a precisão do exame de sexagem fetal. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste Qui-quadrado ( 2 ) ou Teste de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se 100% de acerto no diagnóstico de gestação pela ultra-sonografia. Quanto ao diagnóstico de quantificação fetal, houve 12% de erro. Foi possível diagnosticar o sexo fetal em 87% dos fetos e destes, 90% estavam corretos. Os diagnósticos em tempo real não foram significativamente diferentes dos diagnósticos feitos após a observação de imagens gravadas em DVD. Portanto, a acurácia do diagnóstico de gestação pode alcançar 100%, diferente da quantificação e sexagem fetal, que dependem de outras variáveis como tipo de gestação e experiência do operador. Termos para indexação:Ovinos, sexagem fetal, diagnóstico de gestação, ultra-sonografia.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…A few authors also related this difficulty and greater errors when diagnosing female fetuses, due to this same reason as well as the presence of the tail itself which could block or interfere with the genital tubercle image (Coubrough & Castell, 1998;Merkt, 1999;Marie et al, 2002;Bürstel et al, 2002;Santos et al 2005a …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy diagnosis, fetal quantification and gender estimation by ultra-sonography in ewes

et al. 2009

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“…Die Resultate der 2D-USU sind vergleichbar mit denen anderer Studien: So war in früheren Arbeiten in zwischen 51 % [21], 87 % [22] und 88 % [23] der Fälle eine Diagnose möglich. Ebenso ist der Anteil richtiger 2D-Diagnosen bezogen auf die möglichen Diagnosen bzw.…”

Section: Untersuchungs-und Auswertungszeitenunclassified

Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Pferdefeten mittels zwei- und dreidimensionaler Sonografie in der Frühgravidität

Becsek

Schweizer

Knutti

et al. 2020

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere

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Zusammenfassung Ziel Das Ziel dieser Studie war, erstmals zweidimensionale (2D) und dreidimensionale (3D) transrektale Ultraschalluntersuchungen (USU) hinsichtlich ihrer Richtigkeit und dem zeitlichen Aufwand zur Geschlechtsdiagnose bei Pferdefeten zu vergleichen. Material und Methoden Zu diesem Zweck wurden 47 Stuten zwischen den Tagen 58 und 115 der Gravidität zunächst einer 2D-USU unterzogen, um das fetale Geschlecht anhand der Lokalisation des Genitaltuberkels oder dem Vorhandensein von äußeren Geschlechtsteilen zu ermitteln. Im Folgenden wurden 3D-Bilder des Fetus angefertigt und anschließend an einem PC ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Der beste Zeitraum zur Geschlechtsbestimmung war zwischen dem 58. und 79. Graviditätstag mit 77 % (2D-USU und 3D-Bild-Auswertung) korrekten Diagnosen. Durch wiederholtes Auswerten der 3D-Bilder konnte eine Steigerung richtiger Diagnosen um 16 % erzielt werden. Der zusätzliche Zeitaufwand für die 3D-USU und die 3D-Bild-Auswertung betrug etwa 6–7 Minuten pro Stute. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass die 3D- gegenüber der 2D-Sonografie die Zuverlässigkeit der transrektalen Geschlechtsbestimmung erhöht. Erfahrenen Untersuchern bringt die 3D-Ultraschalltechnik jedoch keine entscheidenden Vorteile und ist zudem zeitaufwendiger.

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“…Especially in females, the genital tubercle may not be detected because it is hidden by the tail head (Mari et al 2002). Videotaping of the examination can clearly increase the quantity of positive determinations (Merkt et al 1999). It is recommendable to take a close view of the genital tubercle and the surrounding area, especially the umbilical cord and tail head, at least three times to reach an adequate level of certainty and keep the errors down (Curran and Ginther 1991).…”

Section: Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

To perform fetal gender determination in the mare by ultrasound during early and advanced gestation

Tönissen¹,

Sieme²,

Martinsson³

et al. 2015

PHK

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Summary: This study aims to review current knowledge on equine fetal sexing with special reference to the authors field experience using the non-invasive transabdominal approach. Early gender determination performed transrectally by identifying the genital tubercle is specific with a small time frame; it is best performed from day 59 until 68. The examiner has to be experienced to scan the right planes for finding the genital tubercle in either sex. Advanced sex determination can be performed transrectally from 90 up to 140 days of gestation, afterwards reaching the fetus hindquarters transrectally is almost impossible and the transabdominal alternative has to be chosen. External genitalia and gonads have to be found and good knowledge of fetal anatomy is required. For more advanced gestation, the importance of representing the gonads and especially outlining their B-Mode echotexture and vascularisation by Doppler sonography increases. For the transrectal approach for gender determination, mares have to be calm and relaxed, so the use of sedation and smooth muscle relaxants might be necessary and the risk of perforating the rectum has to be taken into consideration. Transabdominal examination shows high acceptance in mares and bears a low risk, sedation is not necessary and movement of mare and fetus can be compensated easily by moving the ultrasound probe along the abdomen. Equine fetal sex determination is a tool in equine reproductive medicine which becomes more important and interesting for breeders in order to plan the mare s future breeding prospects. With enough time, patience, practice and good equipment it can be performed by practitioners easily as an additional service for clients. The method to be selected depends on the stage of gestation and on fetal presentation. If movements of the fetus prevent the accomplishment of sex determination, the examination should be repeated later. Advantages of gender determination during advanced gestation by transabdominal ultrasound other than economical reasons are the accomplishment of a check up on pregnancy and fetal well-being, great acceptance by the clients and a good way to perform gestation control in ponies and small horses, although this may take more time for preparation and examination.Keywords: mare / fetal gender determination / transrectal ultrasonography / transabdominal sonography / reproduction Citation: Tönissen A., Martinsson G., Otzen H., Schürmann K., Schütze S., Ertmer F., Kassens A., Sielhorst J., Brehm R., Sieme H. (2015) To perform fetal gender determination in the mare by ultrasound during early and advanced gestation. Pferdeheilkunde 31,[153][154][155][156][157][158]

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Gender determination in equine fetuses between days 50 and 90 of pregnancy

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Pregnancy diagnosis, fetal quantification and gender estimation by ultra-sonography in ewes

Pregnancy diagnosis, fetal quantification and gender estimation by ultra-sonography in ewes

Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Pferdefeten mittels zwei- und dreidimensionaler Sonografie in der Frühgravidität

To perform fetal gender determination in the mare by ultrasound during early and advanced gestation

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