The Role of Surgery in the Therapy of Gastrointestinal Lymphomas The treatment of primary gastric lymphoma is controversial. The role of surgery has come to be questioned with increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of gastric lymphoma and with new therapeutic approaches such as eradication of Helicobacter pylori . We review published clinical trials of primary gastric lymphoma, including preliminary results of our own prospective multicenter trial. The results of 7 trials of H. pylori eradication and 12 prospective therapeutic trials are discussed. On basis of’ these data it is concluded that surgery with intention of R0 resection is the treatment of choice in stages EI1–EII1 of lowgrade lymphoma, when H. pylori eradication failed. In high-grade lymphomas it is still unclear whether surgery or its primary combination with radio- or chemotherapy should be preferred. The eradication of H. pylori is a promising therapeutic approach for localized low-grade mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. A randomized trial is needed to clarify whether medical or surgical management of localized gastric lymphoma or a combination of is the best treatment modality. 58% of all surgical interventions of intestinal Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are performed in an emergency situation. In 42% of cases, the stage could be determined preoperativly with examination by ultrasonography, endosonography, intestinoscopy, Sellink’s enema, thoracic, abdominal/pelvine computed tomography and bone marrow puncture, and intraoperatively by examination of the regional and juxtaregional lymph nodes and liver biopsy. Crucial for the therapy is in all cases the adequate staging even in emergency situations. Only the special knowledge of the entity of the intestinal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma can lead to the necessary stageadapted multimodal therapy.