Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late‐Onset Autism

Finegold, Sydney M.; Molitoris, Denise; Song, Yuanyuan; Liu, Chengxu; Vaisanen, Marja Liisa; Bolte, Ellen R.; McTeague, M.; Sandler, Richard H.; Wexler, Hannah M.; Marlowe, Elizabeth M.; Collins, Matthew D.; Lawson, Paul A.; Summanen, Paula; Baysallar, Mehmet; Tomzynski, Thomas J.; Read, Erik K.; Johnson, Eric A.; Rolfe, Rial D.; Nasir, Palwasha; Shah, Haroun N.; Haake, David A.; Manning, Patricia W.; Kaul, Ajay

doi:10.1086/341914

Cited by 631 publications

(453 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…41 Several studies have now reported changes in microbiota profile in patients with autism. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47] While this area of research is new and consensus across studies has not yet been established, several interesting observations are worth noting. In one recent study, an increased diversity of microbiota was observed in patients with severe autism compared with matched controls; and in particular Bacteroidetes was significantly increased in patients with autism, whereas Firmicutes was observed to be higher in controls.…”

Section: Effects Of the Central And Peripheral Nervous Systems On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology

Saulnier¹,

et al. 2013

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The brain-gut axis allows bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent experimental work suggests that the gut microbiota have an impact on the brain-gut axis. A group of experts convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) discussed the role of gut bacteria on brain functions and the implications for probiotic and prebiotic science. The experts reviewed and discussed current available data on the role of gut microbiota on epithelial cell function, gastrointestinal motility, visceral sensitivity, perception and behavior. Data, mostly gathered from animal studies, suggest interactions of gut microbiota not only with the enteric nervous system but also with the central nervous system via neural, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and humoral links. Microbial colonization impacts mammalian brain development in early life and subsequent adult behavior. These findings provide novel insights for improved understanding of the potential role of gut microbial communities on psychological disorders, most particularly in the field of psychological comorbidities associated with functional bowel disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and should present new opportunity for interventions with pro-and prebiotics.

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Section: Effects Of the Central And Peripheral Nervous Systems On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology

Saulnier¹,

et al. 2013

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“…Moreover, Vrieze et al have reported that insulin sensitivity of recipients with metabolic syndrome increased 6 weeks after infusion of intestinal microbiota from lean donors [173]. The therapeutic effects of FMT also can be applicable to other disorders, such as Parkinson's disease [174], chronic fatigue syndrome [175], and childhood regressive autism [176].…”

Section: Fecal Microbiota Transplant (Fmt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome-Brain Communications Regulate Host Physiology and Behavior

Lee¹,

Serre²

2015

JNHFS

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cell injury [6], metabolic regulation [7], GI tract development [8], innate and adaptive immune responses, and absorption of nutrients [9,10]. Alterations in microbiota composition and dysregulation of the intestinal mucosa homeostasis have been implicated in the development and progression of pathologies. This compositional change in the microbiota and/ or an abnormality in the interactions between the host and the commensal microbiota is referred to as dysbiosis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation and acute intestinal autoimmunity diseases such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) [11,12]. Abnormal microbiota composition is associated with a wide range of metabolic and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety/depression [13][14][15] [26]. GI microbiota dysbiosis might also be involved in the development and persistence of systemic disorders [27]. For example, obesity has been characterized by a decrease in overall diversity [28] and an increase in Proteobacteria abundance and in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio [28,29] and microbiota composition is believed to influence energy balance and glucose homeostasis [30][31][32].Evidence that changes in microbiota composition are correlated with metabolic and behavioral disorders has drawn attention to a potential causal role for the microbiota in pathologies and has led to the emergence of the 'microbiota-gutbrain axis' concept [33][34][35]. The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system between the GI tract and the brain [36] via hormonal, immunological, and neural signaling. Information from the GI tract and the intestinal microbiota can reach the peripheral and Central Nervous System (CNS), concurrently the brain is able to influence GI functions such as motility and secretion but also immune responses and cytokine production [36,37]. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain AxisThe gut microbiota can modulate gut-brain axis signaling via direct and indirect mechanisms. The microbiota acts via endocrine, metabolic (bacterial components and metabolites), AbstractThe human gut microbiota contains more than 100 trillion bacteria that, under normal physiological conditions, have beneficial symbiotic interactions with the host. However, a growing body of evidence has shown that alternations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, can influence the development and progress of metabolic and neurological disorders. Communication between the microbiota and the brain is a bidirectional system involving endocrine, metabolic (bacterial components and metabolites), immune, and neural pathways. Gut microbiota composition influences the signals transmitted from the gut to the brain. Alternatively, the brain utilizes similar mechanisms, in particular endocrine and neural signaling, to modulate the composition of the gut bacteria. In this review, we describe the recent evidence of gut microbiota interaction with the central nervous system to influence physiological a...

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“…Recent researches suggested that gut microbiota modulate the brain function of its host through the gut-brain axis (Turnbull et al, 1999;Finegold et al, 2002;Shanahan, 2002;Sudo et al, 2004;Desbonnet et al, 2008;Neufeld et al, 2011). The series of events in the GI tract following postnatal microbial colonization resulted a long-lasting impact on the neural processing of sensory information regarding the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response (Finegold et al, 2002). Early postnatal bacterial colonization in germfree (GF) mice promoted the development of central nervous system (CNS) (Turnbull et al, 1999).…”

Section: The Gut-brain Axis and Brain Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives

2013

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Brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are intimately connected to form a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system. The communication between gut and brain, knows as the gut-brain axis, is so well established that the functional status of gut is always related to the condition of brain. The researches on the gut-brain axis were traditionally focused on the psychological status affecting the function of the GI tract. However, recent evidences showed that gut microbiota communicates with the brain via the gut-brain axis to modulate brain development and behavioral phenotypes. These recent fi ndings on the new role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis implicate that gut microbiota could associate with brain functions as well as neurological diseases via the gut-brain axis. To elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis, precise identification of the composition of microbes constituting gut microbiota is an essential step. However, identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota has been the main technological challenge currently due to massive amount of intestinal microbes and the diffi culties in culture of gut microbes. Current methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota are dependent on omics analysis methods by using advanced high tech equipment. Here, we review the association of gut microbiota with the gut-brain axis, including the pros and cons of the current high throughput methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota to elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis.

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Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late‐Onset Autism

Cited by 631 publications

References 33 publications

The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology

The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology

Gut Microbiome-Brain Communications Regulate Host Physiology and Behavior

The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives

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