Gases for electrical insulation and arc interruption :

Christophorou, Loucas G.

doi:10.6028/nist.tn.1425

Cited by 116 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…As a consequence, policy makers and environmental agencies increasingly expressed concern about the climate impact of this extremely strong greenhouse gas. This initiated new attempts to replace SF 6 by alternatives with lower global warming potential. , In 1999, the United States environmental protection agency (EPA) initiated the “SF 6 Emission Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems” based on a voluntary partnership with the members of the U.S. electric power industry and in 2009 classified SF 6 as “a threat to the health and welfare of current and future generations due to their effects on world climate” under section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. In 2006 the EU Regulation No.…”

Section: Brief History Of Gaseous Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF₆

Rabie

Franck

2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

262

128

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Gases for electrical insulation are essential for the operation of electric power equipment. This Review gives a brief history of gaseous insulation that involved the emergence of the most potent industrial greenhouse gas known today, namely sulfur hexafluoride. SF paved the way to space-saving equipment for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Its ever-rising usage in the electrical grid also played a decisive role in the continuous increase of atmospheric SF abundance over the last decades. This Review broadly covers the environmental concerns related to SF emissions and assesses the latest generation of eco-friendly replacement gases. They offer great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from electrical equipment but at the same time involve technical trade-offs. The rumors of one or the other being superior seem premature, in particular because of the lack of dielectric, environmental, and chemical information for these relatively novel compounds and their dissociation products during operation.

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Section: Brief History Of Gaseous Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF₆

Rabie

Franck

2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

262

128

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“…An example is nitrogen (N), which has a dielectric strength about three times lower than the popular SF 6 ; moreover, it does not have the properties necessary for its application in switchgear. However, very importantly, such gases can prove themselves as admixtures supporting other substances and can find applications in vacuum-based apparatus [21].…”

Section: Electronegative Gases As An Insulating Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Effect of Helium on the Dielectric Strength of Medium-Voltage Vacuum Interrupters

et al. 2021

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This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the dielectric strength of disconnecting vacuum interrupters operating on air and helium. The breakdown voltage Ud was measured in the pressure range from 8.0 × 10−4 Pa to 3.0 × 101 Pa for air and from 8.0 × 10−4 Pa to 7.0 × 102 Pa for helium, while varying the interelectrode distance from 1.0 to 5.0 mm. Dedicated laboratory workstations were used to determine the actual pressure values in the vacuum interrupters tested and to precisely measure and record the dielectric strength results of the test object. It was found that the helium-filled vacuum interrupter maintains its full dielectric strength in significantly larger pressure ranges, while the air-filled vacuum interrupter loses its insulating properties. Thus, it is possible to make vacuum interrupters based on the working medium associated with pure helium, with larger working pressure ratings. Under such conditions, it is easier to maintain the tightness of the device and to limit cut-off currents and overvoltages associated with vacuum switchgear.

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“…However, SF 6 is the most powerful greenhouse gas with the highest global warming potential (GWP = 23 500), putting it at the top of the Kyoto Protocol list . The search for a suitable substitute takes on greater urgency since 1980s. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone [CF₃C(O)CF(CF₃)₂]: Photodissociation and Reaction with OH Radicals

Hou

Wang

2018

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone (CF 3 C(O)CF(CF 3 ) 2 , abbreviated as C5) is a potentially excellent fire suppression alternative to halons and a promising dielectric gas for SF 6 replacement. As a prototypical perfluorinated asymmetrical ketone, photodissociation and reaction with hydroxyl radicals of C5 have been investigated theoretically to gain insights into its atmospheric chemistry and environmental impact. C5 has a broad UV absorption band in the range 260−360 nm with a maximum at 302 nm and the maximal photolysis rate coefficient is 8.3 × 10 −5 s −1 . Photoexcitation from S 0 through the perpendicular n → π* transition produces the excited S 1 species, which can either dissociate straightforwardly via the bifurcated α-CC bond cleavage or be trickled down to T 1 via the S 1 /T 1 intersystem crossing (ISC) pathway. In the Franck−Condon region of the S 1 surface, the long-lived S 1 species exists and the slow ISC pathway is dominant, followed by the α-cleavage through T 1 barriers to form perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroacetyl radicals. While the excitation energy exceeds 286 nm, the direct dissociation of C5 though the S 1 barriers takes over before the ISC occurs. Several pathways for regeneration of the ground-state S 0 from S 1 and T 1 via seams of crossing or internal conversion were revealed. The C5 + OH reaction occurs via direct carbonyl addition mechanism followed by the rapid displacement of one of the alkyl groups. Although it can be accelerated considerably by the H 2 O-mediated catalysis or the intercepted vibrationally excited quantum states in the hot S 0 *, the degradation of C5 by OH radicals is too slow to compete with the photolysis pathways.

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Gases for electrical insulation and arc interruption :

Cited by 116 publications

References 21 publications

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF₆

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF₆

Study on the Effect of Helium on the Dielectric Strength of Medium-Voltage Vacuum Interrupters

Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone [CF₃C(O)CF(CF₃)₂]: Photodissociation and Reaction with OH Radicals

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Gases for electrical insulation and arc interruption :

Cited by 116 publications

References 21 publications

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF6

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF6

Study on the Effect of Helium on the Dielectric Strength of Medium-Voltage Vacuum Interrupters

Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone [CF3C(O)CF(CF3)2]: Photodissociation and Reaction with OH Radicals

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Product

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About

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF₆

Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF₆

Atmospheric Chemistry of Perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone [CF₃C(O)CF(CF₃)₂]: Photodissociation and Reaction with OH Radicals