Gas-phase synthesis of functional nanomaterials: Challenges to kinetics, diagnostics, and process development

Schulz, Christof; Dreier, Thomas; Fikri, Mustapha; Wiggers, Hartmut

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.231

Cited by 99 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…Combustion techniques provide opportunities to produce functional materials with attractive properties, including mechanical, optical, catalytic, magnetic, and electronic characteristics that makes them interesting for various applications, e.g., for coatings, ceramics, sensors, batteries, photovoltaics, and other – also energy-related – use [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] . Millions of tons of flame-made materials, including carbon black, fumed silica, pigment titania, and optical fibers, are reported to be produced at more than 15 billion $/year [52 , 53] .…”

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Millions of tons of flame-made materials, including carbon black, fumed silica, pigment titania, and optical fibers, are reported to be produced at more than 15 billion $/year [52 , 53] . As recently reviewed by Schulz et al [50] , combustion reactors can be used for gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles, particularly oxides, complemented by plasma reactors that can be employed in similar processes to provide non-oxide materials. To tailor and control the properties of such materials including their composition, phase, morphology, size distribution, and further desirable characteristics, a necessary prerequisite is the fundamental understanding of the reaction process from the precursors to the particles.…”

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This knowledge is also vital to scale up synthesis processes from the laboratory to industrial scale. Compared with conventional combustion, the chemistry of gas-phase material synthesis includes additional elements, compounds, and reactive species, with generally lesser knowledge about their reactions and kinetic parameters [50] . It is therefore highly useful to characterize the process under well-controlled laboratory conditions as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is therefore highly useful to characterize the process under well-controlled laboratory conditions as shown in Fig. 4 [50] . Here, the authors have coupled a shock tube – a well-suited reactor to investigate the kinetics of high-temperature processes – with several in-situ diagnostic techniques including atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS), emission spectroscopy, time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII), extinction measurements, and high-repetition-rate time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HRR-TOF-MS) to provide insight into the species composition, its temporal development, and the particle growth.…”

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry

Kohse‐Höinghaus

2021

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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Combustion involves chemical reactions that are often highly exothermic. Combustion systems utilize the energy of chemical compounds released during this reactive process for transportation, to generate electric power, or to provide heat for various applications. Chemistry and combustion are interlinked in several ways. The outcome of a combustion process in terms of its energy and material balance, regarding the delivery of useful work as well as the generation of harmful emissions, depends sensitively on the molecular nature of the respective fuel. The design of efficient, low-emission combustion processes in compliance with air quality and climate goals suggests a closer inspection of the molecular properties and reactions of conventional, bio-derived, and synthetic fuels. Information about flammability, reaction intensity, and potentially hazardous combustion by-products is important also for safety considerations. Moreover, some of the compounds that serve as fuels can assume important roles in chemical energy storage and conversion. Combustion processes can furthermore be used to synthesize materials with attractive properties. A systematic understanding of the combustion behavior thus demands chemical knowledge. Desirable information includes properties of the thermodynamic states before and after the combustion reactions and relevant details about the dynamic processes that occur during the reactive transformations from the fuel and oxidizer to the products under the given boundary conditions. Combustion systems can be described, tailored, and improved by taking chemical knowledge into account. Combining theory, experiment, model development, simulation, and a systematic analysis of uncertainties enables qualitative or even quantitative predictions for many combustion situations of practical relevance. This article can highlight only a few of the numerous investigations on chemical processes for combustion and combustion-related science and applications, with a main focus on gas-phase reaction systems. It attempts to provide a snapshot of recent progress and a guide to exciting opportunities that drive such research beyond fossil combustion.

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Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Setting the Stage: Combustion And Chemistry In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry

Kohse‐Höinghaus

2021

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute

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“…Nowadays, nanotechnology is widely used in numerous applications, including energy storage and conversion, photonics, and biomedical applications [ 1 , 2 ]. However, despite the advantages and wide applicability of nanomaterials, their synthesis routes are not been fully understood [ 3 ]. Currently, research efforts are focused on developing ecological means of nanomaterial synthesis that are cost effective, highly efficient, and require minimal use of chemicals [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

2020

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Nanomaterial synthesis is a hot research subject that has been extensively studied in the last two decades. Recently, plasmas in liquid systems have been proposed as an efficient means of synthesizing various types of nanomaterials. The formation processes implicate many physical and chemical phenomena that take place at the electrode surface, as well as in the plasma volume, which renders it difficult to fully understand the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we assess the effect of electric field on nanomaterial synthesis in a system composed of two copper electrodes immersed in water, in the absence of an electrical discharge. The obtained results indicate that various nanostructures, including copper nanoparticles, copper oxide nanowires, and/or hollow nanoparticles, may be produced, depending on the electrical conductivity of the solution (adjusted by adding highly diluted HCl to deionized water). The materials synthesized herein are collected and characterized, and a formation mechanism is proposed. Overall, our results provide insight into the physical and chemical phenomena underlying nanomaterial synthesis in plasmas in liquid.

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Spray‐Flame‐Prepared LaCo_1–xFe_xO₃ Perovskite Nanoparticles as Active OER Catalysts: Influence of Fe Content and Low‐Temperature Heating

et al. 2020

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Spray‐flame synthesis was used to produce high‐surface‐area perovskite electrocatalysts with high phase purity, minimum surface contamination, and high electrochemical stability. In this study, as‐prepared LaCo1–xFexO3 perovskite nanoparticles (x=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) were found to contain a high degree of combustion residuals, and mostly consist of both, stoichiometric and oxygen‐deficient perovskite phases. Heating them at moderate temperature (250 °C) in oxygen could remove combustion residuals and increases the content of stoichiometric perovskite while preventing particle growth. A higher surface crystallinity was observed with increasing iron content coming along with a rise in oxygen deficient phases. With heat treatment, OER activity and stability of perovskites improved at 30 and 40 at.% Fe while deteriorating at 20 at.% Fe. This study highlights spray‐flame synthesis as a promising technique to synthesize highly active nanoscale perovskite catalysts with improved OER activity.

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Gas-phase synthesis of functional nanomaterials: Challenges to kinetics, diagnostics, and process development

Cited by 99 publications

References 225 publications

Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry

Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry

Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

Spray‐Flame‐Prepared LaCo_1–xFe_xO₃ Perovskite Nanoparticles as Active OER Catalysts: Influence of Fe Content and Low‐Temperature Heating

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Gas-phase synthesis of functional nanomaterials: Challenges to kinetics, diagnostics, and process development

Cited by 99 publications

References 225 publications

Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry

Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry

Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanomaterials by Pulsed Electric Field in Water with Various Electrical Conductivities

Spray‐Flame‐Prepared LaCo1–xFexO3 Perovskite Nanoparticles as Active OER Catalysts: Influence of Fe Content and Low‐Temperature Heating

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Spray‐Flame‐Prepared LaCo_1–xFe_xO₃ Perovskite Nanoparticles as Active OER Catalysts: Influence of Fe Content and Low‐Temperature Heating