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The authors would like to clarify that several experiments in the paper as detailed here were performed simultaneously. Specifically, the histology slides represented in Figures 1G, 2E, and 3H were analyzed by a blinded reviewer and quantified using the same pathology scale. The experiments yielding data on intestinal permeability (Figures 3D and 5B) and ELISA data (Figures 1E, 1F, 2B, 3G, and 3I) were performed simultaneously to minimize inter-experimental error. The relevant comparisons (e.g., age, genotype, SPF/germ-free) were presented in separate figures/panels to facilitate the narrative of the manuscript, but the statistical analysis was performed and presented based on analysis of the entire dataset. Additionally, the sentence ''Mice were deprived of food 4 hr prior to and both food and water 4 hr following an oral gavage using 200 ml of 0.8 mg/ml FITC-dextran'' should state ''80 mg/ml FITC-dextran.'' The authors apologize for this error, and it has been corrected online.

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The understanding of soot formation in combustion processes and the optimization of practical combustion systems require in situ measurement techniques that can provide important characteristics, such as particle concentrations and sizes, under a variety of conditions. Of equal importance are techniques suitable for characterizing soot particles produced from incomplete combustion and emitted into the environment. Additionally, the production of engineered nanoparticles, such as carbon blacks, may benefit from techniques developed. This review discusses considerations for selection of laser and detection characteristics to address application-specific needs. The benefits of using LII for measurements of a range of nanoparticles in the fields mentioned above are demonstrated with some typical examples, covering simple flames, internal-combustion engines, exhaust emissions, the ambient atmosphere, and nanoparticle production. We also remark on less well-known studies employing LII for particles suspended in liquids.An important aspect of the paper is to critically assess the improvement in the understanding of the fundamental physical mechanisms at the nanoscale and the determination of underlying parameters; we also identify further research needs in these contexts. Building on this enhanced capability in describing the underlying complex processes, LII has become a workhorse of particulate measurement in a variety of fields, and its utility continues to be expanding. When coupled with complementary methods, such as light scattering, probe-sampling, molecular-beam techniques, and other nanoparticle instrumentation, new directions for research and applications with LII continue to materialize.

When designing nano-Si electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, the detrimental effect of the c-LiSi phase formed upon full lithiation is often a concern. In this study, Si nanoparticles with controlled particle sizes and morphology were synthesized, and parasitic reactions of the metastable c-LiSi phase with the nonaqueous electrolyte was investigated. The use of smaller Si nanoparticles (∼60 nm) and the addition of fluoroethylene carbonate additive played decisive roles in the parasitic reactions such that the c-LiSi phase could disappear at the end of lithiation. This suppression of c-LiSi improved the cycle life of the nano-Si electrodes but with a little loss of specific capacity. In addition, the characteristic c-LiSi peak in the differential capacity (dQ/dV) plots can be used as an early-stage indicator of cell capacity fade during cycling. Our findings can contribute to the design guidelines of Si electrodes and allow us to quantify another factor to the performance of the Si electrodes.

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The utilization of silicon-based materials for thermoelectrics is studied with respect to synthesis and processing of doped silicon nanoparticles from gas phase plasma synthesis. It is found that plasma synthesis enables for the formation of spherical, highly crystalline and soft-agglomerated materials. We discuss the requirements for the formation of dense sintered bodies while keeping the crystallite size small. Both, small particles sizing a few ten nanometer and below that are easily achievable from plasma synthesis, and a weak surface oxidation lead to a pronounced sinter activity about 350 K below the temperature usually needed for successful densification of silicon. The thermoelectric properties of our sintered materials are comparable with the best results found for nanocrystalline silicon prepared by other methods than plasma synthesis.