Further improvements in the application of high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography to the analysis of algal toxins in the aquatic environment

Simultaneous determination of microcystin-LR and its glutathione conjugate in fish tissues by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…There have been many analytical methods for MC-LR, including protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) [15], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [16], liquid chromatography (LC) [17][18][19], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [20,21] and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [22][23][24]. Because of its high specificity and sensitivity, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has become the method of choice for quantitative determination of analytes in biological samples [25][26][27].…”

Detection of microbial food contaminants and their products by capillary electromigration techniques

“…A mean recovery value of 103% and RSD values of 0.158% and 0.582% for migration times and areas, respectively, were reported [117]. This method has recently been applied to the analysis of certified standard mussel material containing DA, as well as naturally contaminated samples [121]. In spite of the worse sensitivity of the CE method compared to HPLC, the sensitivity of CE was sufficient to determine the amount of DA present in real samples under the regulatory levels.…”

“…Further improvements of this method including the use of a capillary column with higher internal diameter, and the adjustments of other parameters such as injection time and voltage allowed for a better sensitivity. However, the lack of robustness and reproducibility were reported by the authors as the main drawbacks of this CEC method [121].…”

“…Gago-Martínez et al [121] explored the potential of using immunoaffinity cartridges for selective extraction of MCs and field-amplified sample stacking for on-line preconcentration of the toxins during the MEKC analysis of water. The presence of MC-RR and MC-LR in the extracts was confirmed by means of CE-MS [121].…”

Quantification of domoic acid in shellfish tissues by pressurized capillary electrochromatography

“…Methods using HPLC separation with MS or fluorescence detection have also been developed for detecting DA in samples of shellfish, phytoplankton, and seawater [6]. While, these methods are sensitive and acceptable, methods employing CE [8][9][10], and CEC [11,12] have an important advantage over HPLC methods: relative small sample consumption. This advantage can be very attractive in the marine toxins field since routine monitoring is often hindered due to small mounts of sample and standards available for marine toxins [13].…”