Fundamental and Formation Aspects of Slag Freeze Linings: A Review

Bellemans, Inge; Zietsman, Johan; Verbeken, Kim

doi:10.1007/s40831-022-00505-z

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 39 publications

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“…Slag splashing technology is widely used for protecting the refractory and increasing the life of the converter liner [1][2][3][4]. The slag splashing process involves adding a slag regulator to the slag that remains at the bottom of the converter after the molten steel has been poured into the ladle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of the Slag Splashing Process in A 120 Ton Top-Blown Converter

Yang

Sun

et al. 2023

Metals

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Slag splashing operations at the end of the converter blow process can improve the furnace liner life and the converter operation rate. However, the effect of factors on slag splashing at actual dimensions is yet to be fully understood. A three-dimensional transient mathematical model coupled with the response surface analysis has been established to investigate the effects of the amount of remaining slag, oxygen lance height, and top-blowing nitrogen flowrate on the slag splashing process in a 120 ton top-blown converter. The predicted splashing density is validated by the experimental data. The numerical simulation results show that the splashing density and the splashing area ratio increase with the amount of remaining slag, which has the greatest effect on slag splashing. As the oxygen lance height decreases, the splashing density and the splashing area ratio first increase and then decrease. The top-blowing nitrogen flowrate is positively correlated with the splashing area ratio. When the oxygen lance height is high, the impact of the top-blowing nitrogen flowrate on the splashing density is not significant. The splashing density increases with increasing top-blowing nitrogen flowrate as the oxygen lance height is low.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of the Slag Splashing Process in A 120 Ton Top-Blown Converter

Yang

Sun

et al. 2023

Metals

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Modeling Framework for the Simulation of an Electric Smelting Furnace Considering Freeze Lining Formation

Rodrigues

Ishmurzin

et al. 2023

Metall Mater Trans B

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The use of freeze linings to protect pyrometallurgical furnaces from chemically corrosive molten slags is a widespread technique in industrial processes. The main goal of the present study is to establish a modeling framework that considers fluid flow, heat transfer, and slag solidification to simulate freeze-lining formation and its dependency on operating conditions. A mixture continuum solidification model, which had been used for the solidification of metal alloys, was employed. Several parametric studies have been conducted to better understand the smelting process. The results demonstrate that the model can capture freeze-lining formation and predict the global energy balance and flow behavior of the smelting furnace. The freeze-lining thickness was shown to depend on heat removal intensity during the process and slag bath chemistry. A direct relationship between the average temperature in the refractory and freeze-lining thickness was also observed. This is an important indicator for furnace operators in controlling the furnace operation parameters. This improved knowledge offers the potential to further optimize furnace operations and reduce energy costs and environmental impacts. A discussion was presented on the different modeling assumptions considered and potential future model refinements.

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Experimental Validation is Always Required for Molten Oxide Electrolysis Laboratory Crucibles

Ford,

Marshall,

Watson

et al. 2024

Metall Mater Trans B

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Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) is a promising electrochemical route to de-carbonize primary and secondary metal production. Developing MOE processes starts with laboratory experiments at temperatures > $$1000\,^\circ{\rm C}$$ 1000 ∘ C lasting ~10 hours and requiring long heating/cooling times to protect furnace hardware. Before investigating MOE processes, crucibles must be selected that tolerate the required temperatures while minimizing chemical interactions with the oxide to control melt contamination and contain the melt. Unfortunately no general procedure guiding MOE crucible selection is documented. Here we focus on laboratory crucibles in air for two MOE melts: titania-sodia at $$1100\,^\circ{\rm C}$$ 1100 ∘ C and neodymia-boria at $$1300\,^\circ{\rm C}$$ 1300 ∘ C . After shortlisting generic crucible materials using Ashby’s method, thermodynamic predictions were made for all-oxide titania-sodia charges using FactSage and cup test experiments were conducted on (i) all-oxide and carbonate charges for titania-sodia and (ii) neodymia-boria charges. While magnesia was predicted to be the best crucible for the titania-sodia melt, alumina was the best choice for both oxide and carbonate charges. The grain boundary networks of both magnesia and YSZ were infiltrated by the oxide and carbonate charges. Platinum was the best crucible for neodymia-boria melts. We show that compositional control during long, high-temperature MOE experiments requires experimental validation for specific chemistries every time.

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Fundamental and Formation Aspects of Slag Freeze Linings: A Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 39 publications

Numerical Simulation of the Slag Splashing Process in A 120 Ton Top-Blown Converter

Numerical Simulation of the Slag Splashing Process in A 120 Ton Top-Blown Converter

Modeling Framework for the Simulation of an Electric Smelting Furnace Considering Freeze Lining Formation

Experimental Validation is Always Required for Molten Oxide Electrolysis Laboratory Crucibles

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