Functionalization reactions of calixarenes

Abstract

In this review examples of functionalization reactions of calixarenes are presented with those involving the wide rim being presented first, followed by those involving the narrow rim, and then by reactions involving functionalization of both rims. The application possibilities of the obtained compounds are also described.

Selected applications of calixarene derivatives

“…AuNPs 8,9 and AgNPs, 10 as well as organic NPs, 11 and serve for construction of sensors; [12][13][14] they also may be used as extractants of f-elements. 15,16 The present paper is a continuation of our previous reviews concerning covalently and noncovalently bound calixarene assemblies, 17 calixarenes functionalized at wide and narrow rims, 18 calixarenes substituted at meso positions, 19 calixarene complexes with metal ions, 20 as well as calixarenes and resorcinarenes. 21 Besides classical calixarenes, also calixarenes containing modified meso bridges are known, 22 they are calixradialenes, 23 ketocalixarenes 24 and homocalixarenes.…”

Calixarenes containing modified meso bridges

“…29,30 Attention should be paid also to pillararenes, a new class of cage macrocycles interesting for their receptor properties, and liquid crystals. 40 The present paper is a continuation of our earlier review on calixarenes functionalized at meso positions, 41 as well as of other papers dealing with rotaxanes containing calixarene macrocycles as rings, 22 functionalized calixarenes, 42 covalently and noncovalently bound assemblies of calixarenes 43 and calixarene complexes with metal ions; 44,45 calixarenes and resorcinarenes were described in ref. 30.…”

Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(III) and Pb(II) Using Their Complexes with 5,11,17,23-Tetra[(2-ethyl acetoethoxyphenyl)(azo)phenyl]calix[4]arene

“…Based on these frameworks, scientists have developed a wide range of derivatives by the alkylation of phenolic groups at the lower rim [2–4] or modification of upper rim to form many derivatives. Calixarenes are ideal frameworks for the development of chromogenic ionophores in the molecular recognition of ionic species of chemical and biological interests since the incorporation of a suitable sensory group into the calixarene results in a tailored chromogenic receptor [5]. A variety of compounds based upon calixarene having nitrophenylazophenol, nitrophenol, indoaniline, indophenol, and azophenol functional groups have successfully designed and exhibited a pronounced chromogenic behavior towards Na + , K + , Cs + , Ca 2+ , UO 2 2+ , and even chiral amines [5–7].…”