The review consists of two parts. In the first part applications of calixarenes as sensors are described, paying attention to sensors of metal ions. The second part is concerned with other special applications of calixarenes.

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ALKYLBENZONAPHTHYRIDINONES AND BENZONAPHTHYRIDINIUM QUATERNARY SALTS B. Dondela, W. SliwaFour methyl and ethylbenzonaphthyridinones, along with two ethylbenzonaphthyridinium iodides, 2,5-dimethyl-l,5-benzo[c]naphthyridinium iodide, as well as three isomeric N-3'-bromopropylbenzonaphthyridinium bromides have been synthesized and their structures col!firmed by IH NMR spectroscopy. Biological data Oninimal inhibitor 3, concentrations)for two q/'the obtained compounds are presented.Keywords: alkylbenzonaphthyridinones, benzonaphthyridinium quaternary salts, antibacterial activity. Quaternary salts of azaaromatics [1] are of interest for their chemical reactivity [2, 3] and applications, e.g., as NLO materials [4], biomimetic models [5], biological agents [6, 7], as well as components of supramolecular systems [8, 9].The present work is a continuation of our research concerning benzonaphthyridines (BNs) 1-3. 2 3These compounds and their derivatives show antibacterial, antifungal, and in some cases antineoplastic activities [10][11][12][13]. Due to the presence of two nitrogen atoms in the molecule, BNs form N-oxides [14, 15] and complexes with metal ions [16]. The quaternary salts of BNs 1-3 are precursors of ylides serving as 1,3-dipoles in cycloaddition reactions [ 17, 18]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn the present investigation the synthesis of four methyl and ethylbenzonaphthyridinones, and that of six benzonaphthyridinium quaternary salts, has been performed. Their structures have been confirmed by ~H NMR spectroscopy and are consistent with elemental analysis data.

In the first part of this review calixradialenes and homocalixarenes are described showing their syntheses and application possibilities. The second part concerns the use of compounds related to spirodienonecalixarenes in the synthesis of wide rim functionalized calixarenes.

This article describes a detailed study of the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions in crystals of two derivatives of 9-ethylcarbazole, i.e., 3-chloro-and 3-bromo-9-ethylcarbazole (1 and 2, respectively). A significance of this study lies both in the comparison drawn between the crystal structures of these compounds and those of several of their simple analogs [i.e., 3,6-dibromo-9-ethylcarbazole (3), 3,6-dibromo-9-methylcarbazole (4), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (5), 3-bromocarbazole (6), 3,6-diiodocarbazole (7), 9-ethylcarbazole (8), 9-methylcarbazole (9) and carbazole (10)], and in the preliminary assessment of their suitability as active materials for organic electronics. This comparison shows a close similarity in the packing of molecules of three of them (i.e., 3, 4, 6) that form the p-stacks along the shortest crystallographic axes, with a substantial spatial overlap between adjacent molecules in the stacks, depending mainly on the length of substituent at position 9 of carbazole skeleton and on the ratio of (%CÁÁÁH)/(%CÁÁÁC) interactions. Similar to them, in the crystal structures of 1 and 2 there is slipped face-to-face pÁÁÁp interaction, but in contrast this interaction connects two molecules of these compounds into the dimers that are further connected by C-HÁÁÁp interaction. The molecular packing in crystals of these compounds is intermediate between the arrangement of molecules of 3, 4, and 6, where the slipped p-stacking is predominant, and the typical herringbone packing in compounds 5 and 7-10. Thus, it can be supposed that out of ten compounds analyzed here, only 3, 4, and 6 will turn to be the most promising materials for device applications (particularly for field-effect transistors).

Key indicatorsSingle-crystal X-ray study T = 293 K Mean '(C±C) = 0.009 A Ê R factor = 0.042 wR factor = 0.148 Data-to-parameter ratio = 16.5For details of how these key indicators were automatically derived from the article, see

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