Functional-morphological and biochemical correlations of the keratinized structures in the African Grey Parrot, Psittacus erithacus (Aves)

Homberger, Dominique G.; Brush, Alan H.

doi:10.1007/bf00312112

Cited by 90 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As previously reported for the parrot, chicken, and white-tailed eagle (Homberger and Brush, 1986;Homberger and Meyer, 1989;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2005), the epithelium of the ''lingual nail'' shows a strong or hard keratinization. In the domestic goose, the ''lingual nail'' has a unique shape, because it ensheathes the apex of the tongue and pierces the apex edges.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The anterior part of the tongue does not contain the entoglossal cartilage, so the well keratinized ''lingual nail'' can be emphasized as an important element of the external frame of the apex. According to Homberger and Brush (1986), this hard and resistible structure has is flexible enough that it can be stretched, and in the domestic goose, as in other birds, may function as a spoon for lifting grains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other publications concentrated on the specific microstructure of the tongue, as, for example, in the bean goose (Iwasaki, 1997). Homberger and Brush (1986) studied the adaptation of the fleshy tongue of the parrot for processing seeds. In the chicken, feeding with grains, and in the carnivorous white-tailed eagle, there are numerous conical papillae at the end of the lingual body, pointing backwards to prevent food from moving back before swallowing (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2006).…”

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Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)

Jackowiak

Skieresz‐Szewczyk

Godynicki

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

116

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Using LM and SEM methods, the study describes microstructures in particular areas of the tongue of the goose. A thick multilayered keratinized epithelium forms the ''lingual nail'' and covers small and giant conical papillae, whereby the first functions as an exoskeleton of the tongue apex, and the latter are arranged along the lingual and well-developed connective tissue cores, and together with the bill lamellae are involved in cutting. The row of conical papillae on the lingual prominence prevents regurgitation of transported food. In the area of the ''lingual nail'' and in the anterior part of the lingual prominence, Herbst corpuscles are accumulated, which allow to recognize food position. Filiform papillae, as widely distributed between the conical papillae of the body, are responsible for filtering. They can be explained as long keratinized processes of the epithelium and are devoid of connective tissue cores. During food transport, the flattened areas of the lingual body and the lingual prominence are protected by a parakeratinized epithelium, but the root is covered by a nonkeratinized epithelium. The presence of adipose tissue in the tongue probably reduces pressure during food passage, but also promotes mucus evacuation from the lingual glands, thus facilitating food transport. An entoglossal bone with a continuation as cartilage is the stable structural basis of the tongue system. Anat Rec, 294:1574Rec, 294: -1584Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: tongue; epithelium; lingual papillae; lingual nail; Herbst corpuscles; domestic gooseThe type of food intake and processing of food in animals are important factors to affect the morphological diversity of structures on the surface of the tongue. Previous investigations of the oral cavity in birds focused on the position of the tongue in the beak cavity and detailed macroanatomical and microanatomical features, such as diversity of mechanical papillae, types of epithelium covering the lingual mucosa and modifications of skeletal structures, including the hyoid apparatus. Moreover, several earlier studies included already aspects of the rich relief of the tongue in

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)

Jackowiak

Skieresz‐Szewczyk

Godynicki

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

116

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“…chickens, parrot, geese, eagle and cormorant (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Homberger and Brush, 1986;Iwasaki et al, 1997;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2005;Jackowiak et al, 2006). The results of morphological studies conducted so far indicate a close correlation of the shape of the tongue with the method of food intake and the type of food, and habitat.…”

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confidence: 99%

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Peregrine Falcon and Common Kestrel

Emura

Okumura

Chen

2008

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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The studies on the structure of the tongue in birds have been conducted on a small number of species, i.e. chickens, parrot, geese, eagle and cormorant (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Homberger and Brush, 1986;Iwasaki et al., 1997;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2005;Jackowiak et al., 2006). The results of morphological studies conducted so far indicate a close correlation of the shape of the tongue with the method of food intake and the type of food, and habitat.However, no scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of the tongue of the owl has been carried out. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine threedimensionally the dorsal lingual surface of the owl, in order to compare the results with those previous reports in other birds. Materials and MethodsThe tongues of an adult peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) of the family Falconidae were used in this study. The tongues were fixed in 10% formalin. Small blocks containing papillae were cut with a razor blade, post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h. Thereafter, the specimens were dehydrated through graded series of acetone and criticalpoint-dried. To show the three-dimensional connective tissue structure of the lamina propria of the mucosa, some of the samples were washed in distilled water after fixation and macerated in 3.5N HCl at room temperature for 6 days. After maceration tissues were washed in the distilled water and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h, and dehydrated in a series of acetone and criticalpoint-dried. All specimens were sputtered with Pt-Pd before being examined under SEM (Hitachi S-3500N, Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. ResultsThe tongue of the adult peregrine falcon is about 2.5 cm long. The tongue of the adult common kestrel is about 1.5 cm long. The tips of the tongues of the peregrine falcon and common kestrel were bifid ( Fig. 1 and 3). Three parts are distinguished in the dorsal surface of the tongue: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue in each bird ( Fig. 1 and 3). The region of the openings of the lingual glands between the lingual apex and lingual root are very wide area (Fig. 1, 2c, 2d, 3, 4c and 4d). Many conical papillae of the lingual body are inclined toward the posterior of the tongue on the posterior end (Figs. 1, 2e, 2f, 3, 4e and 4f). At low magnification of scanning electron microscopy, many processes are observed densely distributed over the entire lingual apex of the dorsal surface ( 11

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“…chicken, African grey parrot, Middendorff's bean goose, white tailed eagle, cormorant, black kite, common pheasant, tree sparrow, peregrine falcon and common kestrel, northern goshawk, swan and Ural owl (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Homberger and Brush, 1986 However, no scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of the tongue of the Japanese pygmy woodpecker has been carried out. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine three-dimensionally the dorsal lingual surface of the Japanese pygmy woodpecker, in order to compare the results with those previous reports in other birds.…”

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confidence: 99%

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki)

Emura

Okumura

Chen

2009

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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Summary:The dorsal lingual surfaces of adult Japanese pygmy woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tip of the tongue become sharp and the shape of the tongue showed spear-like structure. In both lateral sides of anterior lingual apex, some conical processes were observed. The epithelium of the surface of the anterior lingual apex was inclined toward the posterior of the tongue. In the posterior part of the lingual apex, there were many needle processes, the apices of which were pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue. There were not the large conical papillae in border region between the lingual body and root. The dorsal surface of the lingual body presented smooth aspect and in both lateral sides of the root of the lingual body, a pair of openings of the lingual glands was observed. The needle processes were observed on the dorsal surface of the lingual root and laryngeal mound. There were observed many large conical papillae on the posterior end of the laryngeal mound.

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Functional-morphological and biochemical correlations of the keratinized structures in the African Grey Parrot, Psittacus erithacus (Aves)

Cited by 90 publications

References 26 publications

Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)

Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Peregrine Falcon and Common Kestrel

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki)

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