Functional evaluation and testing of a newly developed Teleost’s Fish Otolith derived biocomposite coating for healthcare

Abstract

Polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) possess biodegradability, biocompatibility and affinitywith other organic media that makes them suitable for biomedical applications. in this work, a novel biocomposite coating was synthesised by mixing pcL with layers of calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite, brushite and monetite) from a biomineral called otolith extracted from Teleost fish (Plagioscion Squamosissimus) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L). The biocomposite coating was deposited on an osteosynthesis material Ti6Al4V by spin coating and various tests such as fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (ftiR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SeM), transmission electron microscopy (teM), scratch tests, Mtt reduction cytotoxicity, HoS cell bioactivity (human osteosarcoma) by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and fluorescence microscopy were performed to comprehensively evaluate the newly developed biocoating. it was found that an increase in the concentration of carbon nanotube induced microstructural phase changes of calcium phosphate (cp) leading to the formation of brushite, monetite and hydroxyapatite. While we discovered that an increase in the concentration of carbon nanotube generally improves the adhesion of the coating with the substrate, a certain threshold exists such that the best deposition surfaces were obtained as PCL/CP/CNT 0.0 g/L and PCL/CP/CNT 0.5 g/L.Metallic biomaterials used in implantology are usually inert, since there is no ion active exchange. This property allows the cells to recognize the microenvironment, proliferate and differentiate in a better way. For this reason, biocompatible materials in coatings such as calcium ceramics with a chemical nature like bone, or natural or synthetic polymers allows easy incorporation of bioactive materials or active ingredients making the recovery of hard tissue faster.One of the widely used polymers in tissue engineering is polycaprolactone (PCL -poly ε-caprolactone). It possesses semi-crystalline state, hydrophobic character, good solubility, low melting point, adequate degradation rate and excellent compatibility 1-3 , making it a good candidate for use as a biocoating material. One drawback as with many other polymers that the PCL has is its low mechanical strength which is proposed to be modified in this paper via addition of functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (Fig. 1). Recently, it has been shown that PCL and carbon nanotubes can forms an interface that improves certain properties in the composite 4 . Besides, carbon nanotubes can be functionalized, allowing other molecules to be adhered to the walls and ends, improving the properties of the materials. This strategy has been widely used to incorporate calcium phosphates (CP) like hydroxyapatite 5-7 , CaCO 3 2 or polymers for applications such as cancer treatment, drug transport, biotechnological applications and energy [8][9][10] . As Surmenev et al. indicate, much of the in vitro results of inorganic Ca-P coatings show...

Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites—A Comprehensive Review on the Most Recent Progress and Promising Trends

“…The investigation of the combination of PCL with bioceramic particles such as CaPs is a related topic of current research, and intensive efforts have been made to elaborate the most ideal composite for biomedical applications. In tissue engineering, PCL-CaP composites can be used as scaffolds [164][165][166][167][168][169] as well as coatings [37,[170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178].…”

“…The composite coating can be deposited onto other metallic implants, such as titanium alloy, to make them more biocompatible or even bioactive [37,174]. The deposition can be carried out in different ways, such as by dip coating [175,176], in situ sol-gel process [174], spin coating [37,177], or electrospinning [37,175]. Montanez et al [177] prepared an advanced biocomposite coating by mixing PCL with layers of different CaP phases (hydroxyapatite, brushite, and monetite-derived from a biomineral called otolith), and also multiwalled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations.…”

“…The deposition can be carried out in different ways, such as by dip coating [175,176], in situ sol-gel process [174], spin coating [37,177], or electrospinning [37,175]. Montanez et al [177] prepared an advanced biocomposite coating by mixing PCL with layers of different CaP phases (hydroxyapatite, brushite, and monetite-derived from a biomineral called otolith), and also multiwalled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations. The biocomposite coating was deposited onto Ti6Al4V by spin coating.…”

A perspective on nanocomposite coatings for advanced functional applications

“…It is possible to envisage numerous stimulator/ response pairs with potential applications (Verma & Khanna, 2022). The above definition covers a wide range of coatings and includes anti-corrosive, self-healing, antibacterial, drug delivery, optical, camouflage potential and electrical protection functions (Montañez et al, 2020;Jaya Verma, Subhasha Nigam, Surbhi Sinha, & Arpita Bhattacharya, 2018). The most important sectors of demand for smart coatings are military, healthcare, energy, aerospace and transportation.…”

Biocompatibility of Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration or Replacement

“…In addition to biological and biochemical responses, biomaterials experience physical (e.g., mechanical, dynamic, topography), and temporal effects (e.g., change of interaction over time, degradation), indicating the interplay of factors that could influence biocompatibility of a biomaterial. CoCrMo alloy Bone implants TiN coating Improved biocompatibility, anti-inflammation [ 106] Ti-alloys (Ti6Al4V) HA coating Curcumin and vitamin K2 delivery [ 107] Ti-alloys (Ti6Al4V) PMMA/silica coating Anticorrosive and bioactive coating [ 108] Ti-alloys CaP anchorage Improved early-stage osseointegration [109,110] Ti-alloys Laser treatment Ti-35Nb-7Zr-6Ta [ 111] Antibacterial, improved osseointegration Ti-alloys (TiNbSn) Sulfuric acid anodic oxidation treatment Improved biocompatibility and osseointegration [ 112] Ti-alloys (Ti6Al4V) PCL/CaP/CNT coating Improved cell adhesion [ 113] PEEK Fast ambient-temperature sulfonation Improved surface hydrophilicity [ 114] PLA Cardiovascular stent Heparin coating Enhanced biocompatibility and anti-coagulation activity [ 115] nHA: nanosized hydroxyapatite, CaP: calcium phosphate, CNT: carbon nanotube, PEEK: polyether-ether ketone.…”