Polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) possess biodegradability, biocompatibility and affinitywith other organic media that makes them suitable for biomedical applications. in this work, a novel biocomposite coating was synthesised by mixing pcL with layers of calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite, brushite and monetite) from a biomineral called otolith extracted from Teleost fish (Plagioscion Squamosissimus) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L). The biocomposite coating was deposited on an osteosynthesis material Ti6Al4V by spin coating and various tests such as fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (ftiR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SeM), transmission electron microscopy (teM), scratch tests, Mtt reduction cytotoxicity, HoS cell bioactivity (human osteosarcoma) by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and fluorescence microscopy were performed to comprehensively evaluate the newly developed biocoating. it was found that an increase in the concentration of carbon nanotube induced microstructural phase changes of calcium phosphate (cp) leading to the formation of brushite, monetite and hydroxyapatite. While we discovered that an increase in the concentration of carbon nanotube generally improves the adhesion of the coating with the substrate, a certain threshold exists such that the best deposition surfaces were obtained as PCL/CP/CNT 0.0 g/L and PCL/CP/CNT 0.5 g/L.Metallic biomaterials used in implantology are usually inert, since there is no ion active exchange. This property allows the cells to recognize the microenvironment, proliferate and differentiate in a better way. For this reason, biocompatible materials in coatings such as calcium ceramics with a chemical nature like bone, or natural or synthetic polymers allows easy incorporation of bioactive materials or active ingredients making the recovery of hard tissue faster.One of the widely used polymers in tissue engineering is polycaprolactone (PCL -poly ε-caprolactone). It possesses semi-crystalline state, hydrophobic character, good solubility, low melting point, adequate degradation rate and excellent compatibility 1-3 , making it a good candidate for use as a biocoating material. One drawback as with many other polymers that the PCL has is its low mechanical strength which is proposed to be modified in this paper via addition of functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (Fig. 1). Recently, it has been shown that PCL and carbon nanotubes can forms an interface that improves certain properties in the composite 4 . Besides, carbon nanotubes can be functionalized, allowing other molecules to be adhered to the walls and ends, improving the properties of the materials. This strategy has been widely used to incorporate calcium phosphates (CP) like hydroxyapatite 5-7 , CaCO 3 2 or polymers for applications such as cancer treatment, drug transport, biotechnological applications and energy [8][9][10] . As Surmenev et al. indicate, much of the in vitro results of inorganic Ca-P coatings show...
The study aimed to determine the enhanced effects of essential oils (EOs) and plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as penetration enhancers (PEs) for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) of caffeine. A 1% w/w solution of eight EOs and seven PDMs was included in the 1% caffeine carbopol hydrogel. Franz diffusion cell experiments were performed using mice with full-thickness skin. At various times over 24 h, 300 μL of the receptor were withdrawn and replaced with fresh medium. Caffeine was analyzed spectrophotometrically at 272 nm. The skin irritation effects of the hydrogels applied once a day for 21 days were investigated in mice. The steady-state flux (JSS) of the caffeine hydrogel was 30 ± 19.6 µg cm−2 h−1. An increase in caffeine JSS was induced by Lippia origanoides > Turnera diffusa > eugenol > carvacrol > limonene, with values of 150 ± 14.1, 130 ± 47.6, 101 ± 21.7, 90 ± 18.4, and 86 ± 21.0 µg cm−2 h−1, respectively. The Kp of caffeine was 2.8 ± 0.26 cm h−1, almost 2–4 times lower than that induced by Lippia origanoides > Turnera diffusa > limonene > eugenol > carvacrol, with Kp values of 11 ± 1.7, 8.8 ± 4.2, 6.8 ± 1.7, 6.3 ± 1.2, and 5.15 ± 1.0 cm h−1, respectively. No irritating effects were observed. Lippia origanoides, Turnera diffusa, eugenol, carvacrol, and limonene improved caffeine’s skin permeation. These compounds may be as effective as the PE in TDD systems.
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