Functional differences between<scp>l</scp>- and<scp>d</scp>-carnitine in metabolic regulation evaluated using a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model

Li, Jiamin; Li, Lingyu; Zhang, Yuxue; Jiang, Zhe-Yue; Limbu, Samwel Mchele; Qiao, Fang; Degrace, Pascal; Chen, Liqiao; Zhang, Meiling; Du, Zhen‐Yu

doi:10.1017/s000711451900148x

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Although D-carnitine has no biological activity in humans, it adversely impacts biochemical processes by inhibiting the carnitine acetyltransferase ( 12 ). D-carnitine supplementation has been found to induce liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in animal studies ( 13 ). In addition, D-carnitine can cause secondary carnitine deficiency (SCD), so researchers often use D-carnitine supplements to feed mice to establish carnitine lack animal models ( 14 , 15 ).…”

Section: Biological Characteristics Of Carnitinementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Zhao

2021

Front. Med.

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Carnitine is an amino acid-derived substance that coordinates a wide range of biological processes. Such functions include transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix, regulation of acetyl-CoA/CoA, control of inter-organellar acyl traffic, and protection against oxidative stress. Recent studies have found that carnitine plays an important role in several diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its effect is still controversial, and its mechanism is not clear. Herein, this review provides current knowledge on the biological functions of carnitine, the “multiple hit” impact of carnitine on the NAFLD progression, and the downstream mechanisms. Based on the “multiple hit” hypothesis, carnitine inhibits β-oxidation, improves mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduces insulin resistance to ameliorate NAFLD. L-carnitine may have therapeutic role in liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic fatty liver disease, and viral hepatitis. We also discuss the prospects of L-carnitine supplementation as a therapeutic strategy in NAFLD and related diseases, and the factors limiting its widespread use.

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Section: Biological Characteristics Of Carnitinementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Zhao

2021

Front. Med.

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“…Progress is urgently needed to find effective additives to reduce inflammation and abnormal lipid deposition in fish fed the diet with a high level of TO. L-Carnitine plays a crucial role in shuttling long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria (21) and reduces abnormal lipid deposition (22,23) . L-Carnitine can also increase the immunocompetence of several fish species to better cope with biotic and abiotic stresses (24)(25)(26) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary terrestrial oils supplemented with l-carnitine on growth, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Chen

et al. 2020

Br J Nutr

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The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary terrestrial oils (TO) supplemented with L-carnitine on growth performance, biochemical and antioxidant response, lipid metabolism and inflammation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were formulated with FO (fish oil, the control group), 75% TO (75% FO was substituted by the oil mixture with equal amounts of soybean oil, linseed oil and pork lard) and 75% TOC (75% TO supplemented with 800 mg/kg L-carnitine), respectively. Compared to the control group, feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate were significantly increased in fish fed diets with 75% TO and 75% TOC. Hepatic lipid content, serum triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes (tnfα and ifnγ) were significantly increased in fish fed the diet with 75% TO compared to the control group. However, the supplementation of 800 mg/kg L-carnitine in the 75% TO diet repressed hepatic lipid content, serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and the mRNA expression of tnfα and ifnγ in fish compared to fish fed the diet with 75% TO. Total antioxidant capacity, the activity of superoxide dismutase, the mRNA expression of cpt-I and the activity of CPT-I were significantly increased in fish fed the diet with 75% TOC compared to 75% TO. In conclusion, these results suggested that the supplementation of 800 mg/kg L-carnitine in the diet with terrestrial oils mixture could increase growth, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid oxidation and decrease the expression of inflammatory genes in large yellow croaker.

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“…D-carnitine can interfere with the uptake and transport of L-carnitine, shows a hepatotoxic effect and causes lipotoxicity. [15,16] Most importantly, research confirms the high effectiveness of Lcarnitine in protection of cells against oxidative damage. Lcarnitine is an antioxidant that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals and chelates metal ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…This salt occurs in two biologically active enantiomers, but only L‐carnitine is a regulatory nutrient present in human organisms. D‐carnitine can interfere with the uptake and transport of L‐carnitine, shows a hepatotoxic effect and causes lipotoxicity [15,16] . Most importantly, research confirms the high effectiveness of L‐carnitine in protection of cells against oxidative damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

L‐Carnitine‐Based Bio‐Ionic Liquids as Antioxidants

Czerniak

Pernak

2021

ChemistrySelect

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The purpose of this research was to determine the antioxidant properties of ionic liquids containing an anion showing antioxidant activity and a cation of natural origin derived from L‐carnitine. Formation methods of ionic liquids based on direct protonation of an L‐carnitine zwitterion form were evaluated with the selected phenolic acids and L‐ascorbic acid. All received compounds were characterized, and the physicochemical properties significant to ionic liquid uses were measured (thermal stability and phase transitions). All research on antioxidant activity was conducted using commonly applied spectrophotometric methods, allowing for assessment of the neutralization ability of compounds regarding various radicals. The ferrous and cupric ion reduction ability and ferrous ion chelation of the ionic liquids were also examined. Furthermore, ionic liquid activity toward the enzyme xanthine oxidase responsible for the formation of reactive oxygen species in the body was determined.

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Functional differences betweenl- andd-carnitine in metabolic regulation evaluated using a low-carnitine Nile tilapia model

Cited by 21 publications

References 70 publications

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Effects of dietary terrestrial oils supplemented with l-carnitine on growth, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

L‐Carnitine‐Based Bio‐Ionic Liquids as Antioxidants

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