Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Li, Na; Zhao, Hui

doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.689042

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…It inhibits oxidative stress, enhances β-oxidation, and reduces IR. The supplementation of carnitine improves the AST, ALT, TG, and HOMA-IR (indicator of IR) parameters in NAFLD patients [124].…”

Section: Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Ziółkowska

Binienda

Jabłkowski

et al. 2021

IJMS

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One of the most common chronic liver disorders, affecting mainly people in Western countries, is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Unfortunately, its pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood, and no dedicated treatment is available. Simple steatosis can lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even to fibrosis, cancer, and cirrhosis of the liver. NAFLD very often occurs in parallel with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in obese people. Furthermore, it is much more likely to develop in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS), whose criteria include abdominal obesity, elevated blood triacylglycerol level, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, increased blood pressure, and high fasting glucose. An important phenomenon in MS is also insulin resistance (IR), which is very common in NAFLD. Liver IR and NAFLD development are linked through an interaction between the accumulation of free fatty acids, hepatic inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. The liver is particularly exposed to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species due to a large number of mitochondria in hepatocytes. In these organelles, the main DNA repair pathway is base excision repair (BER). The present article will illustrate how impairment of BER may be related to the development of NAFLD.

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Section: Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Ziółkowska

Binienda

Jabłkowski

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Hexanoylglycine and L-acetylcarnitine are two metabolites of fatty acid oxidation down-regulated by diosgenin, which was increased in elevated serum triglycerides related liver dysfunction mice ( Li et al, 2013 ). L-Acetylcarnitine facilitates the movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mitochondria during fatty acid oxidation ( Li and Zhao, 2021 ). Also, being a food additive, L-acetylcarnitine was commonly used to lose weight because it promotes fatty acid oxidation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, being a food additive, L-acetylcarnitine was commonly used to lose weight because it promotes fatty acid oxidation. Recently, the function of L-acetylcarnitine in NAFLD also drew much attention ( Li and Zhao, 2021 ). A serum metabolomic research found a significant increase of L-acetylcarnitine in NAFLD patients ( Yang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diosgenin Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Related Lipid/Amino Acid Metabolism in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats

Zhou

Zheng

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease closely associated with dietary habits. Diosgenin is abundant in yam, a common food and traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular mechanism of diosgenin on NAFLD has been preliminarily explored. However, the effect of diosgenin on metabolism and gut microbiota in NAFLD has not been reported. This study confirmed that diosgenin could suppress excessive weight gain, reduce serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, and decrease liver fat accumulation in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats. Moreover, fecal metabolomics analysis suggested diosgenin improved abnormal lipid and amino acid metabolism. Bile acids, including lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate that function as excretion, absorption, and transport of fats, were remarkably regulated by diosgenin. Aromatic amino acid and lysine metabolism was regulated by diosgenin as well. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis demonstrated that diosgenin restored gut microbiota disorder, especially Globicatella, Phascolarctobacterium, Pseudochrobactrum, and uncultured_bacterium_f_Prevotellaceae at the genus level. Additionally, these regulated bacterial genera showed significant correlations with lipid and amino acid metabolism-related biomarkers. This study further confirmed the significant effect of diosgenin on NAFLD, and provided a new perspective for the mechanism.

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“…l -carnitine administration has also been shown to improve markers of glycemic control in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes, most likely by regulating the ratio of acetyl-CoA/CoA in the mitochondria and thereby the PDH flux [ 72 ]. l -carnitine supplementation can modulate insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake and have an antioxidant effect on hepatocytes.…”

Section: Role Of Carnitine In Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of l-Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation

Virmani¹,

Cirulli²

2022

IJMS

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Mitochondria control cellular fate by various mechanisms and are key drivers of cellular metabolism. Although the main function of mitochondria is energy production, they are also involved in cellular detoxification, cellular stabilization, as well as control of ketogenesis and glucogenesis. Conditions like neurodegenerative disease, insulin resistance, endocrine imbalances, liver and kidney disease are intimately linked to metabolic disorders or inflexibility and to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to a relative lack of micronutrients and substrates is implicated in the development of many chronic diseases. L-carnitine is one of the key nutrients for proper mitochondrial function and is notable for its role in fatty acid oxidation. L-carnitine also plays a major part in protecting cellular membranes, preventing fatty acid accumulation, modulating ketogenesis and glucogenesis and in the elimination of toxic metabolites. L-carnitine deficiency has been observed in many diseases including organic acidurias, inborn errors of metabolism, endocrine imbalances, liver and kidney disease. The protective effects of micronutrients targeting mitochondria hold considerable promise for the management of age and metabolic related diseases. Preventing nutrient deficiencies like L-carnitine can be beneficial in maintaining metabolic flexibility via the optimization of mitochondrial function. This paper reviews the critical role of L-carnitine in mitochondrial function, metabolic flexibility and in other pathophysiological cellular mechanisms.

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Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Cited by 33 publications

References 127 publications

The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The Interplay between Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Base Excision Repair and Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Diosgenin Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Related Lipid/Amino Acid Metabolism in High Fat Diet-Fed Rats

The Role of l-Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation

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