A total of sixty-three choline derivative-based ionic liquids in the forms of chlorides, acesulfamates, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have been prepared and their physical properties (density, viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability) have been determined. Thirteen of these salts are known chlorides: precursors to the 26 water-soluble acesulfamates, 12 acesulfamates only partially miscible with water, and 12 water-insoluble imides. The crystal structures for two of the chloride salts-(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylundecyloxymethylammonium chloride and cyclododecyloxymethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium chloride-were determined. The antimicrobial (cocci, rods, and fungi) activities of the new hydrophilic acesulfamate-based ILs were measured and 12 were found to be active. The alkoxymethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium acesulfamates have been shown to be insect feeding deterrents and thus open up a new generation of synthetic deterrents based on ionic liquids. The alkoxymethyl(2-decanoyloxyethyl)dimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have also been shown to act as fixatives for soft tissues and can furthermore be used as substitutes for formalin and also preservatives for blood.
Due to the high interest in the applications of ionic liquids, new, cheaper, multifunctional ionic liquids which are easy to prepare are highly desired. Here, we present a new group of air-and moisture-stable, hydrophobic ammonium-based ionic liquids and their properties, including the single-crystal X-ray structure of benzethonium nitrate. These salts have utility as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal agents. Additionally, the potential application of these ionic liquids for wood preservation was tested with positive results. The toxicity of benzalkonium and didecyldimethylammonium nitrates were studied and are presented herein.
The
transformation of agrochemicals into herbicidal ionic liquids
(HILs) has been suggested as a solution to problems associated with
commercial forms of herbicides. The aim of this review was to summarize
the latest progress in the field of HILs, including their synthesis
as well as physicochemical and biological properties, and to address
the areas that require further research in order to ensure their safe
commercialization (e.g., data regarding biodegradability, toxicity,
and environmental fate). The first part of the review provides an
in-depth summary of the current state of knowledge regarding HILs,
particularly the anions and cations used for their synthesis. The
second part highlights the employed synthesis methods and elucidates
their respective advantages and limitations. The third section is
focused on the characterization of HILs with emphasis on the methods
and factors that are significant in terms of their practical application.
Subsequently, the issues associated with the biodegradation and toxic
effects of HILs are discussed based on the relevant literature reports.
All sections include comprehensively tabulated data in order to enable
rapid comparison of utilized approaches. Finally, all the findings
are critically analyzed in terms of crucial disadvantages (especially
the lack of standardization), which allowed us to establish future
recommendations and basic guidelines that are presented in the last
section.
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Phytohormones
are chemical substances that regulate plants growth,
reproductive processes, longevity, development, and even death. One
of the most common representatives of this group is indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA), which is widely applied in various branches of agriculture.
Taking into consideration that the conversion of conventional herbicides
into ionic liquids leads to the enhancement of their biological activity,
we decided to implement the same strategy for selected phytohormone.
Hence, we synthesized a homologous series comprising alkylated choline
cations and indole-3-butyrate anions. The new biobased ionic liquids
(ILs) were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties (thermal
stability, phase transitions, solubility, surface activity, density,
and viscosity) and susceptibility to biodegradation according to the
OECD 301 F test. Subsequently, their activity as a growth stimulator
was evaluated for butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as a test plant. Additionally, the nutrient assimilation by
the test plants was analyzed. The study revealed that the IL containing
cations with octyl groups, at the optimal concentration of 0.5 ppm,
enhanced lettuce biomass production by approximately 21% compared
to that of the control. Moreover, the lettuce was enriched with valuable
micro- and macroelements, such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn. These
findings comply well with the concept of sustainable agriculture focused
on utilizing environmentally friendly compounds derived from sources
of natural origin while exhibiting enhanced efficacy.
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