Fullerene-Based Symmetry in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Pollen

Abstract

The fullerene molecule belongs to the so-called super materials. The compound is interesting due to its spherical configuration where atoms occupy positions forming a mechanically stable structure. We first demonstrate that pollen of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a strong symmetry regarding the distribution of its spines over the spherical grain. These spines form spherical hexagons and pentagons. The distance between atoms in fullerene is explained applying principles of flat, spherical, and spatial geometry, based on Euclid’s “Elements” book, as well as logic algorithms. Measurements of the pollen grain take into account that the true spine lengths, and consequently the real distances between them, are measured to the periphery of each grain. Algorithms are developed to recover the spatial effects lost in 2D photos. There is a clear correspondence between the position of atoms in the fullerene molecule and the position of spines in the pollen grain. In the fullerene the separation gives the idea of equal length bonds which implies perfectly distributed electron clouds while in the pollen grain we suggest that the spines being equally spaced carry an electrical charge originating in forces involved in the pollination process.

Carbon nanomaterials: production, impact on plant development, agricultural and environmental applications

“…Recently, fullerene-like structures have been described in pollen grains of Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), with putative functions for mechanical stability and adaptive properties important for the pollination process [37].…”

Advancement in Carbon Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Application: A Comprehensive Review

“…It has been observed that, the green synthesis of tea could synthesis tunable and safe drug delivery nanocarrier with successful biological compatibility properties. From few decades, [10] described that the structure of pollen grain of Hibiscus sassiness (china rose) are similar the symmetry of fullerene C 60 .…”

“…Most of the conventional organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots are annoyed due to their negative impact on human health and environment. In [75] produced pH sensitive CNPs provide a promising possibility for serving as a proton sensor in the study of metabolite process of cell [10]. It has been demonstrated that fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (FCNPs) to be potential optical detection probe, light emitting diode material and bioimaging probes [76,77].…”

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“…This must caution us about possible distribution of nano-substances in plant bodies, soils and the environment. Presence of fullerene like structures in Chinese's hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasinensis) with putative function for mechanical stability and adductive property has recently been established [9].…”