Full Chain Energy Analysis of Fuel Ethanol from Cassava in Thailand

Nguyen, Thu Lan T.; Gheewala, Shabbir H.; Garivait, Savitri

doi:10.1021/es0620641

Cited by 107 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…NEB adalah perbedaan antara total energi output (meliputi energi yang terkandung dalam produk biodiesel dan/atau produk samping) dan total energi input. Nilai NEB merupakan salah satu indeks yang biasa digunakan untuk menganalisis efisiensi energi dari biofuel (16) . Sedangkan NER adalah rasio dari total energi output terhadap total energi input yang mencerminkan efisiensi energi proses.…”

Section: B Perhitungan Ner Dan Nebunclassified

Perhitungan Potensi Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit untuk Sumber Energi Terbaharukan dengan Metode LCA

2017

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The production process of crude palm oil (CPO) Keywords: CPO, biodiesel, palm oil, palm solid waste, NER, NEB, LCA ABSTRAKProses produksi crude palm oil (CPO) dan biodiesel kelapa sawit menghasilkan limbah padat sebanyak 35-40% dari total tandan buah segar (TBS) yang diolah, dalam bentuk tandan buah kosong, serat, cangkang buah dan abu bakar. Keberadaan limbah yang melimpah ini berpotensi mencemari lingkungan bila tidak tertangani dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas dan menghitung potensi limbah padat sawit menjadi energi terbarukan dan pengaruhnya terhadap peningkatan nilai net energy ratio (NER) dan net energy balance (NEB). Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode life cycle assessment (LCA) untuk menghitung neraca limbah padat yang hasilnya akan dikonversikan ke dalam nilai faktor energi dari sumber pustaka yang terpercaya. Hasil neraca massa limbah sawit menunjukkan bahwa total limbah padat serat dan cangkang yang dihasilkan setiap pengolahan 1 ton TBS adalah 130 kg dan 65 kg. Limbah ini bila digunakan sebagai bahan bakar boiler akan berpotensi menghasilkan energi sebesar 10.118 MJ/ton biodiesel. Tambahan energi terbarukan ini akan meningkatkan nilai NER dan NEB secara signifikan. Nilai NEB naik 27.199 MJ menjadi sekitar 37.317 MJ (37,2%) dan nilai NER naik dari 3,19 menjadi 4,01 atau meningkat 25,5%.Kata kunci : CPO, biodiesel, kelapa sawit, limbah padat sawit, NER, NEB, LCA 1. PENDAHULUAN Latar BelakangIndustri kelapa sawit Indonesia merupakan salah satu industri strategis penyumbang devisa bagi negara dari sektor non-migas. Pada tahun 2016, Badan Pengelola Perkebunan Dana Sawit (BPDP Sawit) mencatat ekspor sawit Indonesia mencapai 25,7 juta ton atau senilai US$ 17,8 miliar atau sekitar Rp 240 triliun. Perkembangan industri kelapa sawit Indonesia terus meningkat dan menjadi negara produsen CPO terbesar di dunia dengan total produksi sebesar 32 juta ton atau sekitar 46,6% dari total produksi CPO dunia (1) . Permintaan pasar dunia terhadap CPO terus meningkat. Data dari world statistik menyebutkan bahwa estimasi kebutuhan CPO dunia pada tahun 2020 sebesar 95,7 juta ton (2) . Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa masa depan industri kelapa sawit Indonesia berpotensi untuk terus berkembang untuk mencukupi kebutuhan CPO dunia.Selain semakin meningkatnya produksi dan proyeksi pasar industri sawit yang cerah, di sisi lain pabrik sawit dapat menimbulkan masalah yakni adanya peningkatan volume limbahnya.

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Section: B Perhitungan Ner Dan Nebunclassified

Perhitungan Potensi Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit untuk Sumber Energi Terbaharukan dengan Metode LCA

2017

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“…Sea transports were, in turn, assumed to be carried out by transoceanic freighter ships [1968] and transoceanic tankers [1965]. Chemicals and fertilizers were assumed to be transported 1 000 km if nothing else is stated (Nguyen et al 2007;Pelletier et al 2009). …”

Section: Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Asian Aquaculture Products by Use of Statistically Supported Life Cycle Assessment

Henriksson

Rico

Zhang

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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We investigated aquaculture production of Asian tiger shrimp, whiteleg shrimp, giant river prawn, tilapia, and pangasius catfish in Bangladesh, China, Thailand, and Vietnam by using life cycle assessments (LCAs), with the purpose of evaluating the comparative eco-efficiency of producing different aquatic food products. Our starting hypothesis was that different production systems are associated with significantly different environmental impacts, as the production of these aquatic species differs in intensity and management practices. In order to test this hypothesis, we estimated each system's global warming, eutrophication, and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. The contribution to these impacts and the overall dispersions relative to results were propagated by Monte Carlo simulations and dependent sampling. Paired testing showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the median impacts of most production systems in the intraspecies comparisons, even after a Bonferroni correction. For the full distributions instead of only the median, only for Asian tiger shrimp did more than 95% of the propagated Monte Carlo results favor certain farming systems. The major environmental hot-spots driving the differences in environmental performance among systems were fishmeal from mixed fisheries for global warming, pond runoff and sediment discards for eutrophication, and agricultural pesticides, metals, benzalkonium chloride, and other chlorine-releasing compounds for freshwater ecotoxicity. The Asian aquaculture industry should therefore strive toward farming systems relying upon pelleted species-specific feeds, where the fishmeal inclusion is limited and sourced sustainably. Also, excessive nutrients should be recycled in integrated organic agriculture together with efficient aeration solutions powered by renewable energy sources.

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“…More detailed LCE assessments of cassava-ethanol in Thailand estimated energy efficiency similar to corn grain-ethanol. 44 A recent LCA of a wheat-ethanol system estimated a reduction in fossil fuel use and net GHG emissions compared to gasoline. 23 After recalculation of their metric, we estimate an NER of 1.9 for this wheat-ethanol system although this value is highly dependent on the specification of co-product energy credits.…”

Section: Cassava and Wheatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Standardization of Life-Cycle Metrics for Biofuels: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Net Energy Yield

Liska¹,

Cassman²

2008

J Biobased Mat Bioenergy

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Despite a rapid worldwide expansion of the biofuel industry, there is a lack of consensus within the scientific community about the potential of biofuels to reduce reliance on petroleum and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although life cycle assessment provides a means to quantify these potential benefits and environmental impacts, existing methods limit direct comparison within and between different biofuel systems because of inconsistencies in performance metrics, system boundaries, and underlying parameter values. There is a critical need for standardized life-cycle methods, metrics, and tools to evaluate biofuel systems based on performance of feedstock production and biofuel conversion at regional or national scales, as well as for estimating the net GHG mitigation of an individual biofuel production system to accommodate impending GHG-intensity regulations and GHG emissions trading. Predicting the performance of emerging biofuel systems (e.g., switchgrass cellulosic ethanol) poses additional challenges for life cycle assessment due to lack of commercial-scale feedstock production and conversion systems. Continued political support for the biofuel industry will be influenced by public perceptions of the contributions of biofuel systems towards mitigation of GHG emissions and reducing dependence on petroleum for transportation fuels. Standardization of key performance metrics such as GHG emissions mitigation and net energy yield are essential to help inform both public perceptions and public policy.

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Full Chain Energy Analysis of Fuel Ethanol from Cassava in Thailand

Cited by 107 publications

References 7 publications

Perhitungan Potensi Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit untuk Sumber Energi Terbaharukan dengan Metode LCA

Perhitungan Potensi Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit untuk Sumber Energi Terbaharukan dengan Metode LCA

Comparison of Asian Aquaculture Products by Use of Statistically Supported Life Cycle Assessment

Towards Standardization of Life-Cycle Metrics for Biofuels: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation and Net Energy Yield

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