Fuel utilization by cells of the immune system

Calder, Philip C.

doi:10.1079/pns19950038

Cited by 101 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The regulation of glucose levels is at the core of homeostasis, because glucose is the main source of energy for most cells. Essential immune processes such as endocytosis, phagocytosis, increased cell turnover, clonal expansion, production of numerous mediators, and generation of effector cells and molecules are very expensive in terms of energy (2,3,5,29). During acute physical stress, energy based on glucose supply needs to be deviated, for example, to muscles for an efficient ''fight or flight'' response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T here is evidence that immune-derived cytokines can mediate metabolic alterations during the course of infective, inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic processes (1)(2)(3)(4), either by acting locally or by interacting with different endocrine mechanisms (2,3,5). Under physiological conditions, glucose is the principal and most readily available source of energy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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IL-1 resets glucose homeostasis at central levels

Rey

Roggero²,

Randolf³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Administration of IL-1␤ results in a profound and long-lasting hypoglycemia. Here, we show that this effect can be elicited by endogenous IL-1 and is related to not only the capacity of the cytokine to increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues but also to mechanisms integrated in the brain. We show that (i) blockade of IL-1 receptors in the brain partially counteracted IL-1-induced hypoglycemia; (ii) peripheral administration or induction of IL-1 production resulted in IL-1␤ gene expression in the hypothalamus of normal and insulin-resistant, leptin receptor-deficient, diabetic db͞db mice; (iii) IL-1-treated normal and db͞db mice challenged with glucose did not return to their initial glucose levels but remained hypoglycemic for several hours. This effect was largely antagonized by blockade of IL-1 receptors in the brain; and (iv) when animals with an advanced Type II diabetes were treated with IL-1 and challenged with glucose, they died in hypoglycemia. However, when IL-1 receptors in the brains of these diabetic mice were blocked, they survived, and glucose blood levels approached those that these mice had before IL-1 administration. The prolonged hypoglycemic effect of IL-1 is insulin-independent and develops against increased levels of glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and glucagon. These findings, together with the present demonstration that this effect is integrated in the brain and is paralleled by IL-1␤ expression in the hypothalamus, indicate that this cytokine can reset glucose homeostasis at central levels. Such reset, along with the peripheral actions of the cytokine, would favor glucose uptake by immune cells during inflammatory͞ immune processes.T here is evidence that immune-derived cytokines can mediate metabolic alterations during the course of infective, inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic processes (1-4), either by acting locally or by interacting with different endocrine mechanisms (2, 3, 5). Under physiological conditions, glucose is the principal and most readily available source of energy. When IL-1, a prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, is administered to mice, a profound and long-lasting hypoglycemia is observed. The hypoglycemic effect of IL-1 is not mediated by insulin, because it is clearly observed in insulin-resistant diabetic mice and rats; is not caused by glucose loss; and is independent from the anorexic effect of the cytokine (6-12). IL-1-induced hypoglycemia might be explained by the capacity of this cytokine to stimulate glucose uptake in vitro in a variety of tissues such as adipose cells (13), fibroblasts (14), articular chondrocytes (15), keratinocytes (16), intestinal macrophages (17), peritoneal mesothelial cells (18), and glial cells (19). Studies in vivo also show that overproduction of IL-1 results in increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake in all tissues tested, including lymphoid organs and the brain (20). Several of the mentioned in vitro studies on the effect of IL-1 on glucose transport have been performed by using human cells, and injection of very low doses of...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

IL-1 resets glucose homeostasis at central levels

Rey

Roggero²,

Randolf³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Immune cytokines such as IL-6 have very high metabolic rates [5], and therefore fuel availability before, during and after exercise is of greater concern for athletes. Others [21] have found that compared to high-CHO diets, low-CHO diets significantly impaired immune response (e.g., higher cortisol release, neutrophilia, leucocytosis, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, and IL-6; and lower plasma glutamine) following 1-h of cycle ergometer exercise performed at 70% of their individual VO 2 max.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute hepatic response to diet modification and exercise-induced endotoxemia during a laboratory-based duathlon

Moncada-Jiménez¹,

Plaisance²,

Ramírez³

et al. 2010

Biol Sport

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“…Por sua vez, a glutamina é um importante substrato para as células do sistema imune (CALDER, 1995;PEDERSEN et al, 1997;KOYAMA et al, 1998;AGOSTINI & BIOLO, 2010). O aumento do número de leucócitos é característico do estresse induzido pelo exercício, como consequência da proliferação de neutrófilos (PEDERSEN et al, 1997;RISOY et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

As Fases Do Treinamento De Natação Influenciam Os Substratos Energéticos, Cortisol E Leucócitos

Zago¹,

D’Andrade²,

Cardoso³

et al. 2011

Colloq Vittae

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RESUMOOs efeitos do exercício físico na função imune têm sido bastante estudados, demonstrando que a intensidade e duração do exercício exercem influência nos parâmetros imunológicos. No entanto, há poucos estudos que comparam exercícios de diferentes intensidades e fases de um programa de treinamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações metabólicas, hormonais e imunológicas antes e após sessões de natação em diferentes fases do programa de treinamento. Dezessete nadadores do sexo masculino foram avaliados em três fases do treinamento com diferentes intensidades em cada sessão, com base na máxima velocidade no melhor tempo para a distância, obtidos no melhor desempenho em competição. As sessões foram caracterizadas como de potência anaeróbica (PAN -90%), potência aeróbica (PAE -70%) e tolerância ao lactato (TLA -98%). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas pré e imediatamente após o exercício para contagem de células e determinação da concentração de substratos e de cortisol. Foi utilizada ANOVA para verificar a significância das diferenças (p<0,05). Houve aumento significativo das concentrações de glicose e cortisol após o exercício nas sessões de PAN e PAE. A glutamina aumentou significativamente em PAE e TLA. Os leucócitos aumentaram significativamente após as três diferentes sessões e os linfócitos diminuíram significativamente após as sessões PAE e TLA. Concluindo, foi demonstrado que as alterações nos parâmetros estudados em diferentes fases do treinamento podem causar variações temporárias nas células do sistema imune e comprometer a resistência às infecções comuns e o desempenho do atleta. Palavras-chave: exercício físico, sistema imune, glutamina, glicose. THE STAGES OF SWIMMING TRAINING AFFECT ENERGETIC SUBSTRATES, CORTISOL AND LEUKOCYTES ABSTRACTThe effect of physical exercise in immune function has been extensively studied. The intensity and duration of physical exercise have considerable influence in immunologic parameters. However, few studies have compared different exercise intensities in different stages of a physical training program. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the metabolic, hormonal and immunologic changes before and after acute intermittent swimming exercise, following different stages of training program. Seventeen male swimmers were evaluated in three stages of training. The intensity of the three sessions was 90% (anaerobic potency -PAN), 70% (aerobic potency -PAE) and 98% (lactate tolerance -TLA) of the maximal speed from the best time of the distance, resulted from peak performance in competition. Blood samples were collected pre and immediately after exercise for cells counting and measurement of substrates and cortisol concentrations. It was used ANOVA to verify the significance of difference (p<0.05). There was a significant increase of glucose and cortisol post exercise in the PAN and PAE sessions. Glutamine increased significantly in PAE and TLA. Leukocytes increased significantly after the three different sessions and lymphocytes decreased signifi...

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Fuel utilization by cells of the immune system

Cited by 101 publications

References 66 publications

IL-1 resets glucose homeostasis at central levels

IL-1 resets glucose homeostasis at central levels

Acute hepatic response to diet modification and exercise-induced endotoxemia during a laboratory-based duathlon

As Fases Do Treinamento De Natação Influenciam Os Substratos Energéticos, Cortisol E Leucócitos

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