Fuel cell‐based topologies and multi‐input DC–DC power converters for hybrid electric vehicles: A comprehensive review

Abstract

In the last few decades, the utilization of fuel cells (FCs) in the automotive industry has created much attention due to easy use, modular structure, and higher efficacy. In the future, technological evolutions reveal that FC driven electric vehicles (EVs) will grow at a rapid pace and will become an excellent alternative to conventional vehicles. This paper discusses a detailed topological classification of the FC‐based hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). In these FCHEVs, one of the critical elements is the DC–DC power converter unit. The hybridization of FCs with the other power sources requires more converter units that make the system complex. A multi‐input DC–DC power converter is used to connect more than one energy source to reduce the system's complexity and improve the overall system efficacy. In this survey, numerous articles have been considered and examined vividly. An assessment of present and future scenarios of FCs based power source topologies and multi‐input DC–DC power converter topologies used in HEV is presented. This survey provides a deep insight into the topic for the researchers and engineers working in this field.

Nanostructured Pt-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

“…Fuel cells are primary cells in which hydrogen and oxygen (as pure oxygen or air) are continuously fed to the anodic and cathodic compartments, respectively, to convert the chemical energy into electrical energy [15][16][17][18][19][20]. This device implies a triple contact between the electrode, the gas, and the electrolyte.…”

Two‐input single‐output converter with preserved output voltage under source fault

“…It results in low component count and system complexity. [1][2][3][4] The recommended multi-input single-output (MISO) converter has fewer parts. 5 However, the output voltage is negative.…”

“…The design of multiport converters is a potential solution for these applications compared to the multiple single‐input single‐output converters. It results in low component count and system complexity 1–4 . The recommended multi‐input single‐output (MISO) converter has fewer parts 5 .…”

A modular isolated battery‐integrated multiport step‐up DC–DC converter for hybrid energy applications

“…Integrating several single-input converters as multi-input converters (MICs) has provided some advantages such as less component count, lower cost, and improvement of output characteristics (e.g. higher voltage gain and efficiency) [1][2][3]. Simultaneous regulation of the output voltage and output power of renewable energy sources (RESs) at desired references can be easily achieved by MICs due to combining multiple sources with different output characteristics [4].…”