From natural gas to hydrogen via the Wobbe index: The role of standardized gateways in sustainable infrastructure transitions

Steady state analysis of gas networks with distributed injection of alternative gas

“…The case studies show a relatively small variation in gas flow properties. However, increasing the diversity in gas supplies may require a revision of gas safety regulations and appliances operating in a wider Wobbe index range [19,20]. Discussed research being carried out in realizing these appliances for future applications.…”

“…Amidst these variations, appliance burners have to perform satisfactorily without readjustment on fuel gases that vary considerably in their combustion characteristics from the gas mixture on which the initial adjustment was made. Extensive research has been undertaken for ways to predict the interchangeability of one gas with another [17][18][19][20]. It was recognized that correlation of heating values and specific gravities alone was insufficient, and a third factor, namely flame characteristics which depend on chemical composition, must be included.…”

Standards in transitions: Catalyzing infrastructure change

“…Although natural gas is an attractive fuel in many respects [56], given the rapidly dwindling reserves and the environmental pollution it causes, it is not the ultimate solution to energy problems. In this respect, hydrogen has more potential.…”

“…Firstly, substituting a portion of the natural gas supply with hydrogen would reduce diffuse CO 2 emissions. If 10% of the natural gas was to be exchanged for hydrogen, a 3.6% emission reduction would be achieved -this corresponds to 6 Mton CO 2 savings, which would already amount to half the Kyoto obligation of the Netherlands [56]. Secondly, it would allow gradual learning of how to deal with hydrogen in the context of an already mature natural gas system.…”

“…Secondly, it would allow gradual learning of how to deal with hydrogen in the context of an already mature natural gas system. Mixing H 2 into the natural gas network, several technical and economic hurdles for using hydrogen could to be cleared (see [56]). The blending, approach promises to ease a shift towards a hydrogen economy.…”