Free Radicals: The types generated in biological system

Pambuk, Chateen I. Ali; Muhammad, Fatma Mustafa

doi:10.15406/mojcsr.2018.05.00118

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…while sulfur chains can be considerably longer ( Table 1 ). These atoms have many oxidation states, and sometimes, during certain events and under certain circumstances, they release free radicals as side products [ 2 , 28 , 29 ]. During the propagation step, free radicals react with other molecules until their termination, where the free radicals bind together in a way that the chain is no longer propagated.…”

Section: Oxidation Process and Radicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radicals’ significant activity is an outcome of an atom that carries an unpaired electron. Due to this lack of outer-shell electrons, they are constantly searching to bind with another atom or molecule to stabilize themselves [ 2 ]. Despite antioxidant defense mechanisms, human cell damage accelerates aging and can play a critical role in the development of other diseases [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of ROS, RNS, and RSS include hydrogen oxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, alko-xyradical, peroxyl-radical, nitrogen monoxide, nitric oxide superoxide anion, hydroxyl anions, alkyl-thiol, etc. [ 2 , 6 , 7 ]. More specifically, the ROS group includes lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyl species while the RNS group includes nitric oxide and peroxynitrites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectrophotometric Methods for Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Food and Pharmaceuticals

et al. 2022

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the application of antioxidants in food and pharmaceuticals due to their association with beneficial health effects against numerous oxidative-related human diseases. The antioxidant potential can be measured by various assays with specific mechanisms of action, including hydrogen atom transfer, single electron transfer, and targeted scavenging activities. Understanding the chemistry of mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of the methods is critical for the proper selection of techniques for the valid assessment of antioxidant activity in specific samples or conditions. There are various analytical techniques available for determining the antioxidant activity of biological samples, including food and plant extracts. The different methods are categorized into three main groups, such as spectrometry, chromatography, and electrochemistry techniques. Among these assays, spectrophotometric methods are considered the most common analytical technique for the determination of the antioxidant potential due to their sensitivity, rapidness, low cost, and reproducibility. This review covers the mechanism of actions and color changes that occur in each method. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of spectrophotometric methods are described and discussed in this review.

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Section: Oxidation Process and Radicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spectrophotometric Methods for Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Food and Pharmaceuticals

et al. 2022

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“…RNS radical's examples are nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and RNS non-radicals are peroxy nitrites, nitrosyl cation, nitrosyl anion, dinitrogen trioxide, dinitrogen tetra oxide, nitrous acid, peroxy nitrous acid, and nitryl chloride. 11 Non-radicals are not unpaired electron free radicals; rather, they include, contribute to, or are converted into free radicals. The oxygen-derived free radical is the most critical among them (O 2 ).Other examples are hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, ozone, organic peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and hypobromous acid.…”

Section: Types Of Free Radicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Changes Associated with Cigarette Smoking: A Review

K¹,

Thekkekkara²,

Vinaitheerthan³

et al. 2022

Ind. J. Pharm. Edu. Res

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Cigarette is a mixture of chemicals in which the major component is nicotine. Nicotine results in addiction and its effects are initiated by damaging lipids, activating oxidative sensitive pathways, DNA and other components of the cell. Long-term use of cigarettes causes both stimulatory and inhibitory responses of various cells involved in the secretion of chemokines and cytokines which are known inflammatory markers. In the smoke, particulate phases of cigarettes and smoke consumption causes oxidative/nitrosative stress leads to various diseases. Previous findings from cigarette smoke intake show stimulatory effect by increasing cytokines inside the immune cells and also suppression of immune cells by decreasing the production of cytokines from T-cells which was due to oxidative stress by a generation of ROS and RNS, leads to chronic inflammation. This review provides recent findings from cigarette smoke exposure in experimental animals, mainly smoke-associated free radical-mediated lipids auto-oxidation, nitric oxide-mediated cerebral blood flow, regulation of heme oxygenase, neurokinin (NKR-1) receptors, metalloproteinases (MMPs), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These were found to be few targets in the antigen-presenting cells that are involved in invading foreign micro-organisms which are affected by cigarette smoke and they can be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in lung cancer and other tobacco-associated diseases.

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“…Sebagai konsekuensi, terbentuklah stres oksidatif yang terlibat pada banyak kondisi patologis. 6 Terganggunya k esei mba nga n ok sid an /a nti oksi dan diperkirakan merupakan faktor penyebab yang mendasari kerusakan oksidatif terhadap molekul seluler seperti DNA. 7 Sel-sel di dalam tubuh kita berada dalam keseimbangan.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Produksi Total Reactive Oxygen Species Pada Kultur Jaringan Mola Hydatidosa Komplit Dengan Pemaparan 17-Beta Estradiol

Reksohusodo

Nurseta

2021

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Frekuensi kejadian mola hydatidosa yang berpotensi menjadi penyakit trofoblast ganas terus meningkat. Mekanisme patologis yang mendasari penyakit tersebut belum dapat dieksplorasi secara mendalam, terdapat pemikiran bahwa mekanismenya terkait dengan kerusakan oksidatif yang berhubungan dengan produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS). Diketahui bahwa hormon estrogen dan metabolitnya dapat memproduksi ROS, untuk itu perlu dianalisis seberapa jauh keterlibatan estrogen (17βestradiol) dalam patomekanisme penyakit ini melalui pengukuran total ROS. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan secara eksperimental dengan menggunakan randomized group control design. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 1 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kultur jaringan mola hydatidosa yang mendapat suplementasi estrogen (17β-estradiol) dalam 4 dosis (5 g/ml, 10 g/ml, 20 g/ml, 40 g/ml) dan tanpa suplementasi. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan perbedaan sangat bermakna kadar ROS antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok 17β-estradiol 5 g/ml dan 17β-estradiol 40 g/ml (p = 0,000 < 0,05), antara kelompok perlakuan 17β-estradiol 10 g/ml dan 17β-estradiol 40 g/ml (p = 0,000 < 0,05) dan antara kelompok perlakuan 17β-estradiol 20 g/ml dan kelompok perlakuan 17βestradiol 40 g/ml (p = 0,000 < 0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian 17β-estradiol 20 g/ml dan 40 g/ml mempengaruhi produksi total ROS pada kultur jaringan mola hydatidosa. Kata kunci: 17β-estradiol, mola hydatidosa, reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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Free Radicals: The types generated in biological system

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Spectrophotometric Methods for Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Food and Pharmaceuticals

Spectrophotometric Methods for Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Food and Pharmaceuticals

An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Changes Associated with Cigarette Smoking: A Review

Produksi Total Reactive Oxygen Species Pada Kultur Jaringan Mola Hydatidosa Komplit Dengan Pemaparan 17-Beta Estradiol

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