Framing U.S. Coverage of International News: Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air Incidents

Abstract

Bydeenpba&%gtbeagencyandtbevictimsand by tbe U.S. clowntng of am Iradunplane called zt a kdndcal proMem wbue tbe Soviet duwning o f a €&m?am jet was portrqpd as a mmal outrage.On September 1, 1983, a Soviet fighter plane shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, killing its 269 passengers and crew. On July 3, 1988, a U.S. Navy ship, the Vincennes, shot down Iran Air Flight 655, killing its 290 passengers and crew. In both cases, military officials identified a passenger plane as a possibly hostile target; in both cases, the perpetrating nation's officials claimed the shooting was justifiable under the circumstances. This article examines the conm t i n g news frames employed by several important U.S. media outlets in covering these two tragic misapplications of military force. For the first, the frame emphasized the moral bankruptcy and guilt of the perpetrating nation; for the second, the frame de-emphasized guilt and focused on the complex problems of operating military high technology. Comparing media narratives of events that could have been reported similarly helps to reveal the critical textual choices that framed the story but would otherwise remain submerged in an undifferentiated text. Unless narratives are compared, frames are difficult to detect fully and reliably, because many of the framing devices can appear as "natural," unremarkable choices of words or images. Comparison reveals that such choices are not inevitable or unproblematic but rather are central to the way the news frame helps establish the literally "common sense" (i.e., widespread) interpretation of events.By demonstrating that different words and images were consistently chosen in the two stories to depict similar phenomena, this article suggests exactly cbdce of g r a p k s and d j e d v e s , tbe news stories about tbe Robert M.

Frame Contention between News Sources and News Media: Framing the Dispute of Teaching Mathematics and Science in English

“…Some researchers interpret the frames from the issue-specific perspectives (e.g. Entman, 1991;Norris, 1995), while others measure the frames in the generic manners (e.g. Hallahan, 1999;Iyengar, 1987Iyengar, , 1991Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000).…”

Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique

“…One should ask whether television frames are 'proactive' or even 'retrospective'. Effects of visual frames have rarely been examined, even though many studies (e. g., Entman 1991;Gamson Modigliani, 1989; Bereitgestellt von | Universitaetsbibliothek der LMU Muenchen Angemeldet | 129.187.254.47 Heruntergeladen am | 28.10.13 10:51 Pan and Kosicki, 1993) emphasize the importance of visual framing. The few exceptions concern case studies (e. g., Gamson and Modigliani, 1989), focus on visual presentations in print media only (e. g., by counting the number of political cartoons; see Entman, 1991) or provide hermeneutic reasoning than quantitative findings (e. g., Kress and van Leeuwen, 1998).…”

“…Studies which claim to examine how these cognitive frames influence news production and, subsequently, how they are presented as media frames in news reporting are noted in cell 6. What I call coverage studies (e. g., Entman, 1991;Pan and Kosicki, 1993;Woo, 1996) merely trace structures of coverage, that is, media frames (cell 6). Both perspectives of the communicator approach will be discussed in some detail.…”

Journal of Applied Communications, 2017, vol. 101, no. 1 Full Issue

“…Generally, a frame is the way that an idea or concept is communicated or portrayed (Entman, 1991). According to Entman (1993) "to frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation" (p. 52).…”