Fractional Programming for Communication Systems—Part II: Uplink Scheduling via Matching

Abstract

This two-part paper develops novel methodologies for using fractional programming (FP) techniques to design and optimize communication systems. Part I of this paper proposes a new quadratic transform for FP and treats its application for continuous optimization problems. In this Part II of the paper, we study discrete problems, such as those involving user scheduling, which are considerably more difficult to solve. Unlike the continuous problems, discrete or mixed discrete-continuous problems normally cannot be recast as convex problems. In contrast to the common heuristic of relaxing the discrete variables, this work reformulates the original problem in an FP form amenable to distributed combinatorial optimization. The paper illustrates this methodology by tackling the important and challenging problem of uplink coordinated multi-cell user scheduling in wireless cellular systems. Uplink scheduling is more challenging than downlink scheduling, because uplink user scheduling decisions significantly affect the interference pattern in nearby cells. Further, the discrete scheduling variable needs to be optimized jointly with continuous variables such as transmit power levels and beamformers. The main idea of the proposed FP approach is to decouple the interaction among the interfering links, thereby permitting a distributed and joint optimization of the discrete and continuous variables with provable convergence. The paper shows that the well-known weighted minimum meansquare-error (WMMSE) algorithm can also be derived from a particular use of FP; but our proposed FP-based method significantly outperforms WMMSE when discrete user scheduling variables are involved, both in term of run-time efficiency and optimizing results. Index Terms-Fractional programming (FP), Lagrangian dual transform, user scheduling, discrete power control, discrete beamforming I. OVERVIEW F RACTIONAL programming (FP) is a valuable tool for the design and optimization of communication systems, because of the prominent role fractional terms-in particular the signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) ratio-plays in the performance analysis of communication links. Part I of this paper [3] proposes a novel quadratic transform technique to tackle FP problems involving multiple ratios, which are frequently encountered in communication system design, but are typically beyond the capabilities of classic FP techniques, such as Schaible's transform [4] and Dinkelbach's method

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