Fractional Cascade LFC for Distributed Energy Sources via Advanced Optimization Technique Under High Renewable Shares

Abstract

Unpredictable high renewable shares in standalone microgrid (MG) system with stochastic load demands introduces an unavoidable mismatch among loads and sources. This mismatch directly impacts the system frequency that can be mitigated via applying a suitable load frequency control (LFC) scheme. This brief proposes a maiden attempt of marine predator algorithm (MPA) assisted one plus proportional derivative with filter-fractional order proportional-integral ((1+PDF)-FOPI) controller to obtain the proper power flow management among loads and sources. The investigated MG system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a wind turbine (WT) generator (WTG), and a diesel engine generator (DG) as the distributed energy sources, and an ultracapacitor (UC) and a flywheel are chosen as the energy storage elements (ESEs). Various system nonlinearities such as governor dead-band (GDB) and generation rate constraint (GRC) are also considered reflecting the practical scenario. Five state-of-the-art optimization techniques and three traditional controllers, PID, FOPID, and PI-PD, are vividly compared to assess the proposed scheme's performance. The parametric uncertainties are considered to obtain the robust performance of the proposed control scheme. An eigenvalues-based stability evaluation of the considered plant employing the proposed LFC scheme is also included in this work. In the worst situation, the maximum frequency deviation is obtained as -0.016 Hz, which is entirely satisfactory and under the range of the IEEE standard. Finally, a modified New England IEEE-39 test bus system is chosen to perform the real-time validation.

Adaptive frequency control in smart microgrid using controlled loads supported by real-time implementation

“…One plus PD with a filter-fractional order PI controller and a first-ever attempt at the marine predator optimizer (MPO) helped to achieve optimal power flow management between loads and generators. The measured frequency variation change was 0.016 Hz [ 32 ]. In [ 33 ], an innovative control method for multi-area linked power systems is the fuzzy-tilt-fractional order integral-filtered derivative controller.…”

Applications of IoT and digital twin in electrical power systems: A comprehensive survey

“…In this regard, proper coordination between the added devices, electrical grids, and renewable energy sources is needed. The second philosophy is applying advanced and adaptive techniques for control, protection and energy management [14][15][16][17]. In addition, there are significant efforts toward promoting renewable energy generation with incentivized feed-in tariff programs.…”

A new low‐cost and low‐power industrial internet of things infrastructure for effective integration of distributed and isolated systems with smart grids

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