Four-dimensional printing using fused-deposition modeling: a review

Abstract

Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing using fused-deposition modeling (FDM). 4D printing is an emerging innovation in (three-dimensional) 3D printing that encompasses active materials in the printing process to create not only a 3D object but also a 3D object that can perform an active function. FDM is the most accessible form of 3D printing. By providing a review of 4D printing with FDM, this paper has the potential in educating the many FDM 3D printers in an additional capability with 4D printing. Design/methodology/approach This is a review paper. The approach was to search for and review peer-reviewed papers and works concerning 4D printing using FDM. With this discussion of the shape memory effect, shape memory polymers and FDM were also made. Findings 4D printing has become a burgeoning area in addivitive manufacturing research with many papers being produced within the past 3-5 years. This is especially true for 4D printing using FDM. The key findings from this review show the materials and material composites used for 4D printing with FDM and the limitations with 4D printing with FDM. Research limitations/implications Limitations to this paper are with the availability of papers for review. 4D printing is an emerging area of additive manufacturing research. While FDM is a predominant method of 3D printing, it is not a predominant method for 4D printing. This is because of the limitations of FDM, which can only print with thermoplastics. With the popularity of FDM and the emergence of 4D printing, however, this review paper will provide key resources for reference for users that may be interested in 4D printing and have access to a FDM printer. Practical implications Practically, FDM is the most popular method for 3D printing. Review of 4D printing using FDM will provide a necessary resource for FDM 3D printing users and researchers with a potential avenue for design, printing, training and actuation of active parts and mechanisms. Social implications Continuing with the popularity of FDM among 3D printing methods, a review paper like this can provide an initial and simple step into 4D printing for researchers. From continued research, the potential to engage general audiences becomes more likely, especially a general audience that has FDM printers. An increase in 4D printing could potentially lead to more designs and applications of 4D printed devices in impactful fields, such as biomedical, aerospace and sustainable engineering. Overall, the change and inclusion of technology from 4D printing could have a potential social impact that encourages the design and manufacture of such devices and the treatment of said devices to the public. Originality/value There are other 4D printing review papers available, but this paper is the only one that focuses specifically on FDM. Other review papers provide brief commentary on the different processes of 4D printing including FDM. With the specialization of 4D printing using FDM, a more in-depth commentary results in this paper. This will provide many FDM 3D printing users with additional knowledge that can spur more creative research in 4D printing. Further, this paper can provide the impetus for the practical use of 4D printing in more general and educational settings.

Effect of Printing Process Parameters on the Shape Transformation Capability of 3D Printed Structures

“…The net points, consisting of the more ordered, entangled or crystalline structure, act as the memory component of the polymer network that wants to return the SMP to its original shape [ 6 ]. The switching segments, consisting of less entangled structures, act to keep the SMP in its programmed shape [ 7 ]. Similarly to SMPs, the stimuli that induce time-dependent behaviour are temperature changes or water exposure [ 8 ].…”

“…Polylactide (PLA) has shown shape memory properties based on the physical entanglements of polymer chains that maintain the structure of the 3D printed object [ 4 , 6 , 16 , 17 ]. After stretching into a temporary shape, the entanglements can recover to the unstretched state at Tg when the material becomes highly elastic [ 7 ]. Another thermoplastic material studied in 4D printing is thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).…”

Recent advances in biomimetic soft robotics: fabrication approaches, driven strategies and applications

“…136 With the improvement and maturity of FDM technology, it has also played a very important role in 4D printing. 137 Fused filament fabrication (FFF) with the same printing principle as FDM is also known as FDM. It is a preparation form of 3D printing with vat polymerization and powder bed fusion.…”

Advances in additive manufacturing of shape memory polymer composites

“…Many materials with a PLA matrix and carbon nano-tube (CNT) or graphite oxide particles are commercially available. Although its well-known that PLA shows an SME and much work has been done and focused on 3 D printed PLA nanocomposites, these works have overlooked the SME or the effect of these particles on the SME (Carrell et al, 2020). Only a few studies have been conducted to understand and describe the shape memory behaviour of these additive manufactured parts.…”