Formulation of choline chloride/ascorbic acid natural deep eutectic solvent: Characterization, solubilization capacity and antioxidant property

Abstract

In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and ascorbic acid (CHCL/AA NADES) was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant properties of antioxidant extracts from fruit wastes of Mangifera pajang. The solubilities of Mangifera pajang's antioxidant extracts in water and CHCL/AA NADES at different water contents (0 -50 wt%) were investigated. It was observed that the antioxidant extracts were most soluble in the CHCL/AA NADES with 10 wt% of water, and the concentration of antioxidant was found to be approximately 15% and 4% as compared to water and pure CHCL/AA NADES, respectively. The positive effect of water on NADES can be related to the reduced viscosity of NADES, where the viscosity decreased up to 74% upon addition of water. Aside from that, all the tested CHCL/AA NADES enhanced the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant extracts by 1.3-14.64% compared to the antioxidant extracts in water. This finding highlights the role of CHCL/AA NADES as an antioxidant capacity enhancer.Noteworthy, the antioxidant extracts solubilized in the CHCL/AA NADES system formed a nano-scale cluster structure, as depicted by the TEM image, suggesting that the CHCL/AA NADES could potentially use in nanoformulation that provides protection to the antioxidant extracts.

Efficacy of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Compounds from Fucus vesiculosus

“…The extraction yields of the hydrophilic ascorbic acid and phlorotannins significantly raised as the water content in the NADES increased. The compounds rich in hydroxyl groups like AA and TPhC are good hydrogen donors and preferably form bonds with hydrogen bond acceptors like choline chloride [23,56]. Although recently, AA has been introduced for the preparation of NADES [56,57], to the best of our knowledge, we report the extraction of ascorbic acid from seaweeds with NADES for the first time.…”

“…The compounds rich in hydroxyl groups like AA and TPhC are good hydrogen donors and preferably form bonds with hydrogen bond acceptors like choline chloride [23,56]. Although recently, AA has been introduced for the preparation of NADES [56,57], to the best of our knowledge, we report the extraction of ascorbic acid from seaweeds with NADES for the first time. Carotenoid FX is practically insoluble in water.…”

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Phytochemical Extraction Performance Enhancer for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Product Development

“…As a liquid phase, NADES is essential for dissolving hydrophilic bioactive chemicals. The extract produced from NADES also increased its antioxidant capacity compared to the use of water as the extraction solvent [47]. Furthermore, when compared to that of antioxidant extracts in water, the application of choline chlorideascorbic acid demonstrated increased capacity to protect antioxidant components against high temperature and pH, with the half-life prolonged by 4.17-25% [50].…”

“…The solubility and stability of plant bioactive compounds are among the essential criteria for ensuring an adequate degree of bioactivity for beneficial health effects [47]. Many studies identify these parameters as key to the success of the bioactivity test of the NADES extract from plants.…”

“…Antioxidant capacity against DPPH free radicals of the extract in NADES increased (1.3-14.64%) compared to the antioxidant extract in water. [47] Ixora javanica (Blume) DC. flower…”