Formatos e determinantes da participação social em agendas da Política Externa Brasileira

Abstract

No marco analítico que concebe a política externa brasileira (PEB) como política pública e, portanto, submetida a controles democráticos, e com base nos recentes estudos que evidenciam a pluralidade de atores e agendas e a complexificação do processo decisório em política externa, busca-se aqui analisar as iniciativas participativas existentes no marco da PEB e a qualidade democrática do diálogo entre Executivo e sociedade civil nas agendas de política externa. O trabalho se apoia nos avanços dos estudos sobre participação democrática e busca identificar similaridades e diferenças em formatos e dinâmicas das iniciativas de participação no âmbito da PEB, verificando assim a existência de tendências e determinantes. Para tanto, são analisadas iniciativas participativas em quatro âmbitos da política externa, quais sejam, negociações internacionais multilaterais comerciais, integração regional, cooperação sul-sul para o desenvolvimento e direitos humanos.

Brazilian Civil Society and South–South Cooperation: Countering the Green Revolution from Abroad

“…Brazil has seen much experimentation with invited spaces and the interaction between them and civil society-led claimed spaces, under what is known in Brazil as institutionalised participation (Avritzer 2003;Lavalle et al 2019). Civil society efforts to institutionalise participation and build state-society interfaces (Pires and Vaz 2014) are noticeable across multiple policy domains, including in health, urban planning, food and nutritional security (see, for instance, Abers et al 2014) and, more recently, foreign policy and Brazilian development cooperation (Pomeroy and Waisbich 2019). While less developed than other domains, civil society engagement in foreign policy and SSC has evolved considerably over the last decades in tandem with the process of democratisation of Brazilian foreign policy (Lopes 2012;Milani and Pinheiro 2013).…”

“…Proximity as a tactic, however, reflected the heterogeneity of state-society relations across different policy sectors in Brazil (Abers et al 2018) and the highly decentralised nature of Brazilian SSC (Pomeroy and Waisbich 2019). As such, civil society organisations strategically selected certain official agricultural initiatives to act upon.…”

“One Single Agriculture”: Dismantling Policies and Silencing Peasant Family Farmers in Brazilian Foreign Policy (2016-2022)

“…A final pillar in our analysis engages with studies on social participation in Brazilian Foreign Policy, a baseline for understanding the dynamics unfolding since 2016. Pomeroy and Waisbich's (2019) study on socio-state interfaces in BFP since the 2000s, for instance, found great variance on who participates, levels of openness from state bureaucracies, and the nature of participatory space across different foreign policy agendas (i.e., multilateral trade negotiations, human rights and international development cooperation). Notwithstanding the diversity, two common trends were retrieved: i) the fragility of participatory arrangements, given their ad hoc and informal nature; ii) the enabling role of the Executive power bureaucracyboth the Ministry of Foreign Relations (Itamaraty) and other line-ministries -in opening-up/ closing-up spaces to participation.…”

“…Besides international trade, the social forces linked to peasant family farming were also able to participate in the policymaking processes, other multilateral negotiations as well as in Brazil's international development (Niederle 2016;Pomeroy and Waisbich 2019). A major site for these voices to be included in foreign policymaking was CGFome.…”

O Brasil e o multilateralismo comercial: a política externa brasileira em relação à OMC entre 2003 e 2008

“…Ademais, analisar a interação entre estes atores domésticos com entes transnacionais, estatais de outros países e de organismos internacionais nos ambientes nacional e internacional também é relevante para se compreender as restrições, incentivos e suportes que tais entes fornecem aos atores domésticos (BÜLOW, 2009;FARIA, 2017;POMEROY;WAISBICH, 2017) .…”