Formation of the Upper Pleistocene terraces of Lake Van (Turkey)

Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Christol, Aurélien; Mouralis, Damase; Dogu, A.F.; Akköprü, Ebru; Fort, Monique; Brunstein, Daniel; Zorer, Halil; Fontugne, Michel; Karabıyıkoğlu, Mustafa; Scaillet, Stéphane; Reyss, Jean-Louis; Guillou, Hervé

doi:10.1002/jqs.1431

Cited by 77 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Our single OSL age from the yellow laminated sand in the part of the section at 1754 m elevation is 15±1 ka BP, which is considerably younger than the radiocarbon ages of Kuzucuo¤lu et al (2010).…”

Section: 24mentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Our OSL age for the same sequence at a higher elevation ranges from 10 to 20 ka BP with the most frequent ages occurring at 15.1 ka BP, whereas the age at the lower elevation is 12 ± 1.8 ka BP. Around the Karahan Village, another Gilbert-type delta sequence is exposed at 1690 masl elevation, for which Kuzucuo¤lu et al (2010) found ages varying between 24.9 and 25.7 14 C calib. ka BP (Table 1).…”

Section: Age Of the Terrace Sedimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey

Görür¹,

Çağatay²,

Zabcı³

et al. 2015

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

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Many of the terraces around the Lake Van record a relatively short period of the much longer geological history of the Lake Van Basin. Their deposition took place during the last ca. 125 ka BP. They accumulated in a large array of shallow lake and lake margin environments, such as alluvial fan/braided river, beach, Gilbert-type delta, nearshore lake and offshore lake. Variability of their lithofacies provides evidence for climatic and tectonic controls of their depositional conditions. During their deposition high relief areas in the watershed delivered abundant detritus to the coastal areas of the lake. The sedimentation was therefore dominated by terrigenous clastic deposits. The highest concentrations of the coarse clastic sediments were at the mouths of the major streams where they formed Gilbert-type deltas. These river-dominated lacustrine deltas formed during rising lake levels and are relatively more abundant and thicker in the eastern margin of the lake, indicating that this margin mostly had a low-energy coast sheltered from the prevailing westerly winds. However, some areas of the same margin adjacent to deltas were also supplied with sediments by waves and storm-induced longshore currents to form beaches. Storms and storm-generated traction currents were perhaps active agents along the shores of the Lake Paleo-Van as suggested by the presence of the coarse-grained material in its nearshore facies. Somehow, during times of lake highstands, turbidity currents seem not to have played an important role in the sediment transportation along the lake margin, because the nearshore sediments hardly show any evidence of turbidite depositon, such as graded bedding and sole-marks. The offshore lake was relatively quite standing water, depositing laterally persistent, thinly-bedded to varved and fine-grained sandstones and mudstones in part with hydroplastic disruptions, such as slumps and convolute beddings. Because of the lack of sufficient datings of the terrace sequences around Lake Van, we cannot correlate them unequivocally. However, the absence of large-scale cyclicity within a given terrace sequence in each locality suggests that deposition of each terrace occurred during a separate lake level fluctuation each reaching to higher level than the modern lake level followed by a regression. The available age data suggest that high lake levels, reaching up to 1760 m asl, occurred during the last interglacial (MIS 5; 123-71 ka BP), 26-24 ka BP, 22-21 ka BP and 10-6 ka BP. The younging of the terrace deposits along with the decrease in elevation suggests either a gradual decline of lake level with time, or the effect of the cumulative uplift with time or both. The fluctuating lake level was probably due to a combination of climatic, volcanic and tectonic processes. Considering the hydrologically closed nature of the lake, climate probably played more important role than the others. Since the formation of the youngest terrace sediments of 6 ka BP, perhaps the climate in the basin has been mostly relatively more ar...

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Section: 24mentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Age Of the Terrace Sedimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey

Görür¹,

Çağatay²,

Zabcı³

et al. 2015

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

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“…The western fault mapped in this study is sub-parallel to and crosses a set of major aggradational terraces (Figure 14c) (elevations 1700 and 1726 m above sea level) that were deposited between 100 and 22 ka [Kuzucuoglu et al, 2010]. The continuation of these surfaces around the eastern shore of Lake Van The slip on both planes ceases relatively abruptly at 9 km (dashed line), where the two fault segments cross over at depth.…”

Section: Short-term Upliftmentioning

confidence: 81%

The 2011 Mw 7.1 Van (Eastern Turkey) earthquake

Elliott

Copley

Holley³

et al. 2013

JGR Solid Earth

100

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[1] We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), body wave seismology, satellite imagery, and field observations to constrain the fault parameters of the M w 7.1 2011 Van (Eastern Turkey) reverse-slip earthquake, in the Turkish-Iranian plateau. Distributed slip models from elastic dislocation modeling of the InSAR surface displacements from ENVISAT and COSMO-SkyMed interferograms indicate up to 9 m of reverse and oblique slip on a pair of en echelon NW 40°-54°dipping fault planes which have surface extensions projecting to just 10 km north of the city of Van. The slip remained buried and is relatively deep, with a centroid depth of 14 km, and the rupture reaching only within 8-9 km of the surface, consistent with the lack of significant ground rupture. The up-dip extension of this modeled WSW striking fault plane coincides with field observations of weak ground deformation seen on the western of the two fault segments and has a dip consistent with that seen at the surface in fault gouge exposed in Quaternary sediments. No significant coseismic slip is found in the upper 8 km of the crust above the main slip patches, except for a small region on the eastern segment potentially resulting from the M w 5.9 aftershock on the same day. We perform extensive resolution tests on the data to confirm the robustness of the observed slip deficit in the shallow crust. We resolve a steep gradient in displacement at the point where the planes of the two fault segments ends are inferred to abut at depth, possibly exerting some structural control on rupture extent.

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“…To the south of Lake Van, the Bitlis mountains rise to ∼3500 m, and are comprised of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic and ophiolitic lithologies. Around the city of Van, are regions of Pliocene basin deposits, Quaternary lake sediment deposits and extensive Quaternary volcanics (MTA 2002;Kuzucuoglu et al 2010), most of which have been faulted, folded and tilted by tectonic activity.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismotectonics and rupture process of theM_W 7.1 2011 Van reverse-faulting earthquake, eastern Turkey, and implications for hazard in regions of distributed shortening

Mackenzie¹,

Elliott²,

Altunel

et al. 2016

Geophys. J. Int.

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S U M M A R YThe 2011 October 23 M W 7.1 Van earthquake in eastern Turkey caused ∼600 deaths and caused widespread damage and economic loss. The seismogenic rupture was restricted to 10-25 km in depth, but aseismic surface creep, coincident with outcrop fault exposures, was observed in the hours to months after the earthquake. We combine observations from radar interferometry, seismology, geomorphology and Quaternary dating to investigate the geological slip rate and seismotectonic context of the Van earthquake, and assess the implications for continuing seismic hazard in the region. Transient post-seismic slip on the upper Van fault started immediately following the earthquake, and decayed over a period of weeks; it may not fully account for our long-term surface slip-rate estimate of ≥0.5 mm yr −1 . Post-seismic slip on the Bostaniçi splay fault initiated several days to weeks after the main shock, and we infer that it may have followed the M W 5.9 aftershock on the 9th November. The Van earthquake shows that updip segmentation can be important in arresting seismic ruptures on dip-slip faults. Two large, shallow aftershocks show that the upper 10 km of crust can sustain significant earthquakes, and significant slip is observed to have reached the surface in the late Quaternary, so there may be a continuing seismic hazard from the upper Van fault and the associated splay. The wavelength of folding in the hanging wall of the Van fault is dominated by the structure in the upper 10 km of the crust, masking the effect of deeper seismogenic structures. Thus, models of subsurface faulting based solely on surface folding and faulting in regions of reverse faulting may underestimate the full depth extent of seismogenic structures in the region. In measuring the cumulative post-seismic offsets to anthropogenic structures, we show that Structure-from-Motion can be rapidly deployed to create snapshots of postseismic displacement. We also demonstrate the utility of declassified Corona mission imagery (1960s-1970s) for geomorphic mapping in areas where recent urbanization has concealed the geomorphic markers.

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Formation of the Upper Pleistocene terraces of Lake Van (Turkey)

Cited by 77 publications

References 30 publications

The Late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey

The Late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey

The 2011 Mw 7.1 Van (Eastern Turkey) earthquake

Seismotectonics and rupture process of theM_W 7.1 2011 Van reverse-faulting earthquake, eastern Turkey, and implications for hazard in regions of distributed shortening

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Formation of the Upper Pleistocene terraces of Lake Van (Turkey)

Cited by 77 publications

References 30 publications

The Late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey

The Late Quaternary Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the Lake Van, Turkey

The 2011 Mw 7.1 Van (Eastern Turkey) earthquake

Seismotectonics and rupture process of theMW 7.1 2011 Van reverse-faulting earthquake, eastern Turkey, and implications for hazard in regions of distributed shortening

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Seismotectonics and rupture process of theM_W 7.1 2011 Van reverse-faulting earthquake, eastern Turkey, and implications for hazard in regions of distributed shortening