Formation of Increment Zones and Intraannual Growth Dynamics in the Xylem of Swietenia Macrophylla, Carapa Guianensis, and Cedrela Odorata (Meliaceae)

Abstract

The pattern of growth increment zones, the cambial growth dynamics and the structural variation in wood formation of Swietenia macrophylla King, Carapa guianensis Aubl., and Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) were investigated in order to understand the relationship of site conditions and sustainable growth in Central Amazonian plantations. Trees were available from 8-, 17-, 23-, and 57-year-old plantations, and from primary forests in Manaus (Amazônia), Santarem (Pará), and Aripuanã (Mato Grosso). The wood anatomical structure and the annual increments of 61 Swietenia, 94 Carapa, and 89 Cedrela trees were studied for different tree heights. The curves of annual increments were cross-dated and tested for synchronisation. The cambial growth dynamics of up to 52 trees per species were dated by means of dendrometer measurements, monthly labelling by pinmarkers, and extracted cambium samples investigated using a microscope. The intraannual course of the growth and structural variation was compared with the water supply of the soil and insect attacks (Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lep.).In Swietenia and Carapa parenchyma and vessel bands as well as bands of resin canals were observed. Within the xylem of Cedrela, alternating bands of fibres and vessels surrounded by paratracheal parenchyma were found; bands of resin canals were only occasional. In the juvenile wood of Swietenia and Carapa no synchronization of the increment curves was possible, whereas the increment curves obtained in the juvenile wood of Cedrela showed parallel run in growth. The increment curves obtained in adult wood of Swietenia and Cedrela indicate an annual formation of increment zones, whereas the number of increment zones in the xylem of Carapa was approximately 50% higher than the tree age (years) indicating that the growth increments of Carapa also were not annual during the adult phase of growth.The study of the intraannual growth dynamics of the trees showed that the formation of parenchyma bands in Swietenia is induced by dry periods before a cambial dormancy. The formation of parenchyma bands of Carapa was induced by extremely dry and extremely wet periods before a cambial dormancy, whereas fibre bands in Cedrela were induced by dry periods before a cambial dormancy and the formation of vessel bands embedded in paratracheal parenchyma was induced by wet periods after a cambial dormancy. In addition, insect attack (Hypsipyla grandella) induced locally restricted formation of parenchyma bands and bands of resin canals in Swietenia, Carapa and Cedrela.

DENDROECOLOGIA DE <i>Sebastiania commniana</i> (Baill.) L.B.Sm. & Downs E<i> Hovenia dulcis</i> Thunb. EM UMA ÁREA DEGRersoADADA NA FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA ALUVIAL, SUL DO BRASIL

“…Linha tracejada corresponde ao valor de significância (0,285). Kanieski, M. R. et al 1212 TOMAZELLO-FILHO, 2000;SPHATELF et al, 2000;GASPAROTTO, 2002;MARIA, 2002;NUTTO;WATZLAWICK, 2002;MONTÓIA;BAUCH, 2003;FERREIRA-FEDELE et al, 2004;MUNARETO, 2007;LISI et al, 2008;CARDOSO et al, 2012) e, nesse caso, sendo janeiro um dos meses do ano com maiores taxas de precipitação, essa é fundamental para o crescimento de Sebastiania commersoniana.…”

“…L.B.Sm. & Downs e Hovenia dulcis... 1203 FILHO, 2000;SPHATELF et al, 2000;GASPAROTTO, 2002;MARIA, 2002;NUTTO;WATZLAWICK, 2002;MONTÓIA;BAUCH, 2003;FERREIRA-FEDELE et al, 2004;MUNARETO, 2007;LISI et al, 2008;CARDOSO et al, 2012), em que a precipitação é extremamente importante para a retomada do crescimento, porém, é limitante quando estiver em excesso no solo. Em relação ao efeito de saturação hídrica do solo, estudos dendrocronólogicos demonstram que o crescimento das espécies diminui quanto maior for a saturação hídrica ou inundação do solo (e.g: LOOMANS, 1993;MARTENS, 1993;MONTÓIA;BAUCH, 2003;CARDOSO et al, 2012;SKOLAUT, 2012;ANDERSSON;SJÖGREN, 2014).…”

Potencialidad de Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) para estudios dendrocronológicos en la selva central del Perú.

“…Estos resultados coinciden con estudios previos desarrollados en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, en donde la disponibilidad de agua tiene gran influencia en el crecimiento de los árboles, no solamente como resultado del déficit de precipitación durante ciertas estaciones del año, sino también debido a la variación de la precipitación de año a año (Brienen, 2005;Brienen & Zuidema, 2003, 2005a, 2005bCampos, 2009;Dünisch, Bauch & Gasparotto, 2002;Dünisch et al 2003;Huamán, 2011;López & villalba, 2011;Morales et al 2001;Ramírez & Del valle, 2012;Roig, 2000;Rosero, 2009;Worbes, 1999Worbes, , 2001. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el crecimiento de C. odorata está influenciado por las precipitaciones de la estación lluviosa previa (principalmente desde enero a marzo) como también por las precipitaciones de finales de la estación seca y comienzos de la época de lluvias (julio-agosto).…”

Comparative analysis of anatomy and micro-densitometry of the growth rings of hardwoods and conifers, with emphasis on dendrochronology

“…The wood of these two species had higher vessel concentration with larger diameter formed at the beginning of the vegetative period of the trees. Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) is a well known tree species with the cambial activity, formation of tree-rings and growth dynamics presented by Dünisch et al, (2002), Marcati et al, (2006) and Lobão (2011); related to climatic signals (ANDREACCI et al, 2014); to determine the periodicity and trunk growth increments , for dendrochronology (TOMAZELLO FI-LHO et al, 2000 and dendro-ecological analysis (ALVES; ANGYALOSSY- ALFONSO, 2000;DÜNISCH et al, 2003). Similarly, the growth rings formed in Tectona grandis trees constitute a valuable tool applied to numerous research abroad and in Brazil correlating with the climatic variables (PUMIJUMNONG et al, 1995;RAM et al, 2008;UGOLINO et al, 2014), as well with the wood quality (CASTRO et al, 2011).…”